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ladies and gentlemen and welcome to the

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Space Telescope public lecture series

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I'm your host dr. Frank summers and I'm

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gonna show you something new with our

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new remote alright let's see I got this

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oh there we go

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that's me dr. Frank summers this is a

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special remote that I can use to

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highlight sections on screen our

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webcasting audience does not get to see

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the laser pointer when we use the laser

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pointer so I'm trying out this for the

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first time tonight and if it works

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successfully maybe we'll be able to get

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our speakers to use it in the future and

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the webcasting audience will see all of

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our highlights let's see when you came

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in there are images on the table

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tonight's image is of the ring nebula

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NGC 67 20 and the ring nebula is one of

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the most beautiful planetary nebula has

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nothing to do with planets that's just a

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name that unfortunately stuck it is a

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dying star if you want to understand it

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well you could turn over on the back and

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you can see that we have a collection a

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few paragraphs that can tell you about

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it as well as up here in the upper right

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hand corner there are comparisons to

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other planetary nebulae

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planetary nebulae have some really

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really cool shapes it's well worth

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investigating we have to do our reminder

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please silence your phones we don't want

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them going off during the lecture thank

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you very much because tonight's lecture

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is one you are definitely want going to

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want to listen closely to it's called

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our colorful universe translating cosmic

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light by our very own master image

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processor Joseph de Pascua upcoming we

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have an August tiny stellar Islands in a

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big old universe this will be a talk

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about dwarf galaxies okay and dwarf

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galaxies you might think ah who cares

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about them you know if snow white wake

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may care about the Seven Dwarfs but why

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would we care about dwarf galaxies well

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they are the most numerous type of

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galaxies in the universe they're

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actually extremely important to

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understand to understand how

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universe developed and September Brandon

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Lawton is going to talk about the

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astronomers toolkit he's decided he

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wants to talk to you about all the

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various tools astronomers use to

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investigate the universe and that should

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be fun in September right after Labor

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Day and in October a perennial fun topic

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black holes and gravitational waves we

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have learned so much about this

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brand-new gravitational wave astronomy

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and Emanuel barity from across the

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street at Johns Hopkins will be

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discussing that if you want to find out

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about things you go to our website and

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you will find that our website has a

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brand new look it doesn't have

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unfortunately a short URL so if you want

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to go to the website it's HTTP hollow

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site org resources - gallery learning -

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resources public - lecture - series easy

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to remember right take a picture of the

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screen oh if you put into your favorite

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search engine

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Hubble public lectures you should end up

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at this webpage okay we have on it our

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list of our upcoming lectures we have

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the link to our past lectures all right

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so if you want to go to our past public

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lectures as well as our YouTube playlist

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and our webcasting archive where you can

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watch them we also have the lecture

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announcements email list where you can

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enter your email address and subscribe

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to the lecture announcements it's

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basically two emails a month reminding

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you of the upcoming lectures and telling

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you where the webcasts are posted

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finally they have a new setup for

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presenting the lectures this for example

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was last month's lecture by Christopher

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Britt and it includes the you know the

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basic information he now includes the

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description okay as well as link to the

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webcast on the SDSU IO site and they'll

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link to the webcast on YouTube okay

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so they have new stuff on our website

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for you to look at and get all the

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information about our

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what series okay the email I showed you

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how to sign up the website if you find

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yourself that you do not want to do that

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and you want to just write it down on a

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piece of paper and hand it to me that'll

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work as well those who have comments and

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questions can send them to public

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lecture at STScI dot edu if you like

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social media we have social media for

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the Hubble Space Telescope for the

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upcoming James Webb Space Telescope and

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for our Institute the Space Telescope

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Science Institute on Facebook Twitter

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YouTube and Instagram and if you care

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about what I might want to tweet it out

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I'm on Facebook and Twitter but I will

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warn you I only do that occasionally

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because I get very busy my job and I

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enjoy my job and I don't do as much

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social media as perhaps I should the

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Observatory across the street at Johns

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Hopkins will not be open tonight they

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said it was looking like there could be

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showers and thundershowers and things

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were not set up properly for it to

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handle this and so there will be no

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observatory tonight however I always

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note that they do have open houses on

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Friday evenings if you go to the

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Maryland Space Grant Observatory website

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you can see the observatory status right

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there okay that Observatory status will

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be updated on Friday evenings about 6:00

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p.m. they tell me if they're going to be

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open so you can come down and see it

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then alright well we took all a long

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time here doing some some extra stuff

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here tonight so I have my news from the

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universe for july 2019 but i'm only

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going to give you a one-story here

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tonight okay

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and our only story for tonight is the

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intriguing atmosphere of a mini Neptune

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alright so in our solar system we have

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our earth here on the left and we have

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Neptune on the right and these are kind

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of roughly to scale or as as simple as

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two scales I can make it very quickly in

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PowerPoint and so Neptune's diameter is

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3.9 x earth it's about four times the

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size of Earth and it's math is 17 and a

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half 17.15 times

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earth okay so Neptune is a giant planet

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and some people have tied up call it a

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gas giant but actually if you're a real

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astronomer you call it an ice giant

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because Neptune is 30 times further away

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from the Sun than Earth it formed out

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beyond what we call the frost line and

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it formed with a lot of ices falling

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onto it okay so the atma the composition

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of Neptune's atmosphere contains a lot

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more heavy elements than it otherwise

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would if it had formed closer in where

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Jupiter and Saturn form and those are

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commonly called gas giants okay that's

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important because this discovery is

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about a planet called GJ 3470 B okay

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and this is a what we call a mini

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Neptune it's mass is twelve point six

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times earth so it's not quite as big as

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in up tune but it's much bigger than an

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earth alright we often have has anybody

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heard the phrase super earth okay yeah

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okay that is super earth generally we

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think of those up to five six seven

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maybe eight times the mass of Earth so

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this is sort of larger than a super

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earth but it's smaller than a full-size

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Neptune

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so it's it's starting into that

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in-between phase okay is it an

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earth-like object is a Neptune sized

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object at 13 times earth I considered

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more of a Neptune Neptune objects what I

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call it a mini I would call it a mini

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Neptune all right and they have measured

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the atmosphere of this object to have a

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hydrogen helium atmosphere with a rock

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and ice core and at first that's not

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really surprising but let's go a little

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further this planet has been discovered

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around a red dwarf star GJ 3470 okay and

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where as I told you that our Neptune is

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out beyond this frost line out at 38 30

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astronomical units this one in is in so

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close that it orbits around its star

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every 3.3 days okay it orbits this red

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dwarf star in three

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days furthermore it's not situated like

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this from our point of view it's

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actually situated from our point of view

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where it passes in front of its star and

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behind its star and in front of its star

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and behind a star when it passes in

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front of its star it's called a transit

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when it passes behind the star is called

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an eclipse all right and the Hubble

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Space Telescope and the Spitzer Space

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Telescope have been observing this

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planet star combination during let's see

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what's the notes they see like 20 a

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transits and 12 eclipses or is it the

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vice-versa

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all right so you put the two together

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you've got this net 2 mini Neptune sized

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planet passing in front of the red dwarf

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and in these transits and eclipses you

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can take it when it's in front and when

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it's not in front subtract off the

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spectra and get the atmosphere of the

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mini Neptune now we've done this for a

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lot of hot Jupiters we may have done it

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for a few seconds this is they claim one

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of the first time that's been done for a

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mini Neptune this is one of the smallest

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objects from which we're measuring the

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atmosphere now I said hydrogen helium

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atmosphere doesn't shouldn't surprise

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you much right because hydrogen and

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helium are the dominant elements in the

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universe however this atmosphere is

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really just hydrogen helium it doesn't

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contain the water vapor and the methane

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that you would expect for a Neptune if

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it was normal Neptune it formed out

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beyond the frost line and then it you

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know migrates inward due to

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gravitational interactions ok

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planets we don't expect Jupiter's and

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Neptune's to form close to their star

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they only form way out here and so if it

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migrates inward it should still at least

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keep its chemical composition in its

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atmosphere and there should be water

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vapor there should be methane they found

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no evidence of such and as such it's a

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weird an odd object how does it form a

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13 earth mass object without having a

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good

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of heavier elements in its atmosphere

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and that's the conundrum now they make a

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speculation that saying well perhaps it

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actually formed in situ okay that it

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formed in close to its star which I as

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an astronomer start to actually laughed

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at when it was brought up in the news

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meeting it's like come on

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you cannot form a giant planet in next

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to the star okay that's just not

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possible as far as I know maybe they

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know something I don't know but what

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they've speculated is that the rock and

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ice core formed first like a earth size

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a very large earth type rocky planet and

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that the hydrogen helium atmosphere then

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accreted onto it and that would have

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gone much larger except that this was

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late in the late in the stage and it

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only was able to pull in the hydrogen

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helium it wasn't out far enough for the

273
00:12:07,880 --> 00:12:06,330
ices to accrete that would have given

274
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the heavy elements in the atmosphere

275
00:12:14,690 --> 00:12:11,760
I consider that a bit speculative but it

276
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does make for an intriguing object that

277
00:12:20,570 --> 00:12:17,700
one of the first small small Neptune

278
00:12:23,540 --> 00:12:20,580
type objects that we measure doesn't

279
00:12:27,020 --> 00:12:23,550
have the characteristic atmosphere we

280
00:12:30,560 --> 00:12:27,030
expect for a Neptune sized object okay

281
00:12:32,420 --> 00:12:30,570
so to be continued as we study this more

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00:12:36,500 --> 00:12:32,430
with both Hubble and Spitzer and

283
00:12:39,590 --> 00:12:36,510
upcoming space telescopes all right okay

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00:12:42,590 --> 00:12:39,600
now we move on to our speaker for

285
00:12:45,560 --> 00:12:42,600
tonight and our speaker for tonight is

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00:12:47,270 --> 00:12:45,570
Joseph de Pascua he got his degree in

287
00:12:50,930 --> 00:12:47,280
astronomy and astrophysics from

288
00:12:53,480 --> 00:12:50,940
Villanova University and then spent 15

289
00:12:56,960 --> 00:12:53,490
years up in Boston at the Chandra x-ray

290
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Center where he became an absolute

291
00:13:02,920 --> 00:12:59,940
expert in astronomical image processing

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00:13:05,690 --> 00:13:02,930
in data processing in visualization

293
00:13:08,050 --> 00:13:05,700
anything uh taking the universe and

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00:13:10,820 --> 00:13:08,060
making it understandable and

295
00:13:12,530 --> 00:13:10,830
contributing to press releases I think

296
00:13:15,830 --> 00:13:12,540
Joe can do it okay because when he got

297
00:13:18,110 --> 00:13:15,840
here the first project I worked with him

298
00:13:20,090 --> 00:13:18,120
on I said here try something like this

299
00:13:22,070 --> 00:13:20,100
and I've never gotten anybody in this

300
00:13:24,320 --> 00:13:22,080
building to be able to

301
00:13:26,090 --> 00:13:24,330
to really jump in when you were working

302
00:13:27,590 --> 00:13:26,100
on the candle stuff together and he just

303
00:13:31,160 --> 00:13:27,600
jumped in as a tall figure it out

304
00:13:33,290 --> 00:13:31,170
mayhem he figured it out so he's been

305
00:13:36,560 --> 00:13:33,300
very impressive in his few years here

306
00:13:38,360 --> 00:13:36,570
and he is now our lead image processor

307
00:13:40,700 --> 00:13:38,370
and he's here to talk to you about our

308
00:13:50,050 --> 00:13:40,710
colorful universe translating cosmic

309
00:14:08,960 --> 00:13:50,060
light everyone Joseph de Pascua whoops

310
00:14:10,040 --> 00:14:08,970
what number you want oh well thank you

311
00:14:12,050 --> 00:14:10,050
Frank for that introduction

312
00:14:13,610 --> 00:14:12,060
it was nice and thank you everyone for

313
00:14:16,820 --> 00:14:13,620
being here tonight it's really it's

314
00:14:18,470 --> 00:14:16,830
great to see such a full audience and hi

315
00:14:24,200 --> 00:14:18,480
to everyone out on the Internet as well

316
00:14:26,530 --> 00:14:24,210
I think my family's on - so our cult for

317
00:14:29,060 --> 00:14:26,540
universe translating cosmic light is

318
00:14:31,730 --> 00:14:29,070
intentionally vague enough title that I

319
00:14:34,610 --> 00:14:31,740
can sort of cover whatever I want which

320
00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:34,620
I like what I would like to do though is

321
00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:36,690
to talk a little bit about the the

322
00:14:40,280 --> 00:14:38,010
methods that I use for processing

323
00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:40,290
astronomical data but I want to frame it

324
00:14:44,180 --> 00:14:42,210
in the context of the history of our

325
00:14:46,040 --> 00:14:44,190
understanding of light and so we're

326
00:14:48,520 --> 00:14:46,050
gonna spend the first maybe third of the

327
00:14:50,570 --> 00:14:48,530
talk talking about the history of light

328
00:14:52,670 --> 00:14:50,580
and before I get into that I want to

329
00:14:54,500 --> 00:14:52,680
talk a little bit about just light in

330
00:14:56,480 --> 00:14:54,510
general I mean it's the dominant way

331
00:14:59,240 --> 00:14:56,490
that we experience our world our eyes

332
00:15:02,450 --> 00:14:59,250
are constantly flooded with light but

333
00:15:04,190 --> 00:15:02,460
imagine oh so light carries information

334
00:15:05,810 --> 00:15:04,200
we're surrounded by information imagine

335
00:15:07,570 --> 00:15:05,820
if our eyes were actually sensitive to

336
00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:07,580
light beyond the visible wavelengths

337
00:15:13,040 --> 00:15:10,410
this is a conceptual visualization

338
00:15:15,950 --> 00:15:13,050
showing what it might look like to be

339
00:15:17,990 --> 00:15:15,960
able to see cellphone tower signals in a

340
00:15:19,700 --> 00:15:18,000
city so if our eyes were sensitive to

341
00:15:22,430 --> 00:15:19,710
this kind of light we would just see the

342
00:15:23,750 --> 00:15:22,440
city blanketed in light every one of

343
00:15:24,980 --> 00:15:23,760
these buildings basically has a cell

344
00:15:29,660 --> 00:15:24,990
tower above and it's emitting signals

345
00:15:31,280 --> 00:15:29,670
all the time we're imagine being able to

346
00:15:33,890 --> 00:15:31,290
see Wi-Fi signals this is a

347
00:15:35,840 --> 00:15:33,900
visualization of why free Wi-Fi signals

348
00:15:37,100 --> 00:15:35,850
on the National Mall and that

349
00:15:38,930 --> 00:15:37,110
being on the National Mall sitting on a

350
00:15:42,590 --> 00:15:38,940
park bench and just seeing this swirling

351
00:15:44,809 --> 00:15:42,600
around you it would be overwhelming for

352
00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:44,819
sure very glad that our eyes are

353
00:15:50,269 --> 00:15:48,810
sensitive just a visible light of course

354
00:15:54,079 --> 00:15:50,279
we all know we've heard about the speed

355
00:15:56,600 --> 00:15:54,089
of light 186,000 miles per second or 3

356
00:15:59,180 --> 00:15:56,610
times 10 to the 8 meters per second in

357
00:16:01,879 --> 00:15:59,190
our light bubble of Earth that seems

358
00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:01,889
instantaneous right that's the speed of

359
00:16:06,050 --> 00:16:04,050
light travels around the earth seven and

360
00:16:08,509 --> 00:16:06,060
a half times in one second and so in our

361
00:16:10,819 --> 00:16:08,519
experiential life on this planet light

362
00:16:13,370 --> 00:16:10,829
is instant but as soon as we leave that

363
00:16:16,999 --> 00:16:13,380
light bubble that speed limit becomes

364
00:16:18,769 --> 00:16:17,009
important for example Jupiter which is

365
00:16:20,689 --> 00:16:18,779
up if the clouds clear tonight when we

366
00:16:22,100 --> 00:16:20,699
leave the light that isn't currently

367
00:16:24,470 --> 00:16:22,110
reflecting off of Jupiter as I'm

368
00:16:27,410 --> 00:16:24,480
speaking right now we'll be hitting

369
00:16:29,689 --> 00:16:27,420
earth when you leave here tonight so

370
00:16:31,040 --> 00:16:29,699
keep an eye out when you go outside

371
00:16:35,300 --> 00:16:31,050
for Jupiter it'll be the big bright

372
00:16:36,949 --> 00:16:35,310
thing in the southeast sky and this of

373
00:16:38,480 --> 00:16:36,959
course this speed limit to light gets

374
00:16:41,809 --> 00:16:38,490
even more significant as we move away

375
00:16:44,329 --> 00:16:41,819
from our solar system as a species our

376
00:16:45,740 --> 00:16:44,339
humanity has been generating radio

377
00:16:48,590 --> 00:16:45,750
signals for about a hundred years and

378
00:16:51,490 --> 00:16:48,600
that basically creates a light bubble

379
00:16:53,960 --> 00:16:51,500
around our solar system that's been

380
00:16:56,269 --> 00:16:53,970
expanding into our galaxy for a hundred

381
00:16:58,370 --> 00:16:56,279
years but on a galactic scale it's

382
00:17:00,679 --> 00:16:58,380
pretty insignificant if I were to ask

383
00:17:02,090 --> 00:17:00,689
you to draw a circle on this this is a

384
00:17:05,990 --> 00:17:02,100
visualization of the Milky Way galaxy

385
00:17:09,620 --> 00:17:06,000
and somewhere in here is a circle that

386
00:17:12,020 --> 00:17:09,630
shows how much light has moved through

387
00:17:13,520 --> 00:17:12,030
our galaxy in a hundred years you might

388
00:17:17,169 --> 00:17:13,530
think it would be something like this

389
00:17:22,939 --> 00:17:17,179
but no it's that little dot right there

390
00:17:24,500 --> 00:17:22,949
zoom in on that so when people say why

391
00:17:25,490 --> 00:17:24,510
can't we send a probe up into space to

392
00:17:29,870 --> 00:17:25,500
be able to take a picture of the Milky

393
00:17:30,980 --> 00:17:29,880
Way from above that's why and that's to

394
00:17:33,409 --> 00:17:30,990
me I can travel at the speed of light

395
00:17:35,360 --> 00:17:33,419
which is not possible of course it would

396
00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:35,370
take millions of years generations to be

397
00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:38,970
able to do something like that but now

398
00:17:43,450 --> 00:17:41,610
moving on into the history of light this

399
00:17:46,100 --> 00:17:43,460
is what I call a crash course in light

400
00:17:47,750 --> 00:17:46,110
and I'm by no means an expert in this

401
00:17:49,740 --> 00:17:47,760
but there are a few key concepts that I

402
00:17:52,560 --> 00:17:49,750
want to touch on before we dive into the

403
00:17:54,120 --> 00:17:52,570
processing part of this so we've known

404
00:17:55,410 --> 00:17:54,130
about and have been studying light for

405
00:17:57,270 --> 00:17:55,420
thousands of years going all the way

406
00:17:58,740 --> 00:17:57,280
back to Chinese and ancient Greek

407
00:18:02,250 --> 00:17:58,750
philosophers of course the ancient

408
00:18:04,830 --> 00:18:02,260
Greeks had this idea called EXO was an

409
00:18:06,540 --> 00:18:04,840
EXO mission or extra mission the extra

410
00:18:08,370 --> 00:18:06,550
mission theory of light which was that

411
00:18:10,650 --> 00:18:08,380
our eyes were actually emitting light

412
00:18:12,450 --> 00:18:10,660
rays and so the light that we saw was

413
00:18:15,110 --> 00:18:12,460
actually bounced off of objects from our

414
00:18:17,130 --> 00:18:15,120
eyes of course we know that's not true

415
00:18:19,590 --> 00:18:17,140
what the Greek philosophers gave us

416
00:18:21,570 --> 00:18:19,600
though was really a scientific method a

417
00:18:24,450 --> 00:18:21,580
way of analytically thinking about

418
00:18:26,640 --> 00:18:24,460
things moving on through the Islamic

419
00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:26,650
civilization European enlightenment up

420
00:18:31,110 --> 00:18:28,450
to the discovery of the visible spectrum

421
00:18:33,750 --> 00:18:31,120
with Isaac Newton in 1666 this is where

422
00:18:39,270 --> 00:18:33,760
we finally started to realize that light

423
00:18:41,670 --> 00:18:39,280
is made up of component colors and then

424
00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:41,680
moving beyond visible light William

425
00:18:46,980 --> 00:18:43,450
Herschel discovered infrared light in

426
00:18:48,090 --> 00:18:46,990
1800 he was doing an experiment where he

427
00:18:50,730 --> 00:18:48,100
was actually measuring the temperature

428
00:18:54,630 --> 00:18:50,740
of colors of light so building on the

429
00:18:56,520 --> 00:18:54,640
work of Newton he was able to use a

430
00:18:57,930 --> 00:18:56,530
prism to it break down light into its

431
00:18:59,190 --> 00:18:57,940
component colors and then he was

432
00:19:01,020 --> 00:18:59,200
actually just using the thermometer to

433
00:19:03,660 --> 00:19:01,030
measure the temperature of the light and

434
00:19:05,820 --> 00:19:03,670
what he noticed was blue light was

435
00:19:07,740 --> 00:19:05,830
cooler than redder light and so as he

436
00:19:09,780 --> 00:19:07,750
went from blue to red the temperature

437
00:19:12,290 --> 00:19:09,790
was going up but then as he went just

438
00:19:14,190 --> 00:19:12,300
beyond read the thermometer kept rising

439
00:19:16,560 --> 00:19:14,200
so what's going on here there's nothing

440
00:19:17,700 --> 00:19:16,570
there that you can see but the

441
00:19:18,930 --> 00:19:17,710
thermometer is rising there must be

442
00:19:20,970 --> 00:19:18,940
something there that's causing it to

443
00:19:22,260 --> 00:19:20,980
rise that's actually infrared light

444
00:19:25,130 --> 00:19:22,270
there's light there that our eyes are

445
00:19:26,910 --> 00:19:25,140
not sensitive to and now we can thank

446
00:19:28,890 --> 00:19:26,920
William Herschel for discovering

447
00:19:31,740 --> 00:19:28,900
infrared light if you have a cell phone

448
00:19:33,930 --> 00:19:31,750
with face ID that's how it works it uses

449
00:19:35,760 --> 00:19:33,940
infrared light to project something onto

450
00:19:37,680 --> 00:19:35,770
your face that basically creates a grid

451
00:19:40,440 --> 00:19:37,690
the phone recognizes your face in that

452
00:19:45,270 --> 00:19:40,450
grid and then unlocks your phone so you

453
00:19:47,790 --> 00:19:45,280
can check Facebook moving on into

454
00:19:51,840 --> 00:19:47,800
spectroscopy Joseph von Fraunhofer in

455
00:19:54,330 --> 00:19:51,850
1814 he develops a method for

456
00:19:57,720 --> 00:19:54,340
analytically looking at the spectrum

457
00:19:59,760 --> 00:19:57,730
that's generated from a prism and also

458
00:20:01,080 --> 00:19:59,770
discovers the the dark absorption lines

459
00:20:02,580 --> 00:20:01,090
that we see you if you look at a solar

460
00:20:03,930 --> 00:20:02,590
spectrum you see all these dark lines in

461
00:20:06,119 --> 00:20:03,940
there and that's caused by

462
00:20:08,430 --> 00:20:06,129
atoms and molecules in the solar

463
00:20:10,559 --> 00:20:08,440
atmosphere absorbing light at specific

464
00:20:13,529 --> 00:20:10,569
frequencies and so this is where we

465
00:20:19,469 --> 00:20:13,539
start to move from qualitative to

466
00:20:22,739 --> 00:20:19,479
quantitative analysis of light building

467
00:20:24,539 --> 00:20:22,749
on even further James Clerk Maxwell and

468
00:20:26,699 --> 00:20:24,549
this is a really pivotal moment in our

469
00:20:28,259 --> 00:20:26,709
understanding of light he discovers this

470
00:20:29,399 --> 00:20:28,269
connection studying electricity and

471
00:20:32,759 --> 00:20:29,409
magnetism and he discovers this

472
00:20:34,319 --> 00:20:32,769
connection with with light where these

473
00:20:36,119 --> 00:20:34,329
fields these oscillating fields of

474
00:20:38,569 --> 00:20:36,129
electricity and magnetism are moving at

475
00:20:40,589 --> 00:20:38,579
what is known as the speed of light see

476
00:20:42,149 --> 00:20:40,599
and so this is the first time that we

477
00:20:43,589 --> 00:20:42,159
draw this connection that light that we

478
00:20:47,449 --> 00:20:43,599
see with our eyes is actually the same

479
00:20:53,519 --> 00:20:47,459
thing as electromagnetic spectrum and

480
00:20:56,849 --> 00:20:53,529
that was in 1860 in 1895 Wilhelm

481
00:21:01,409 --> 00:20:56,859
roentgen discovers x-rays because he's

482
00:21:06,749 --> 00:21:03,959
he was experimenting with vacuum tubes

483
00:21:08,849 --> 00:21:06,759
in the lab and and discovered this there

484
00:21:11,159 --> 00:21:08,859
was a he had a tube shining and across

485
00:21:15,239 --> 00:21:11,169
the room there was this material that

486
00:21:16,649 --> 00:21:15,249
was tough blow to fluorescing and it was

487
00:21:18,959 --> 00:21:16,659
basically x-rays were being shot across

488
00:21:22,349 --> 00:21:18,969
the room hitting this this piece of film

489
00:21:23,459 --> 00:21:22,359
and lighting it up and then from that he

490
00:21:26,099 --> 00:21:23,469
goes on to become the father at

491
00:21:29,069 --> 00:21:26,109
diagnostic radiology and he also wins

492
00:21:36,329 --> 00:21:29,079
the first Nobel Prize in 1901 which is

493
00:21:39,239 --> 00:21:36,339
really cool and you may may notice that

494
00:21:41,699 --> 00:21:39,249
the name Rankin may sound familiar his

495
00:21:43,499 --> 00:21:41,709
name became synonymous with x-rays so he

496
00:21:45,449 --> 00:21:43,509
called it x-rays but then people

497
00:21:46,799 --> 00:21:45,459
especially in Germany called them wrong

498
00:21:51,379 --> 00:21:46,809
can raise and if you've watched

499
00:21:57,269 --> 00:21:53,909
building on the work of Maxwell in the

500
00:21:59,339 --> 00:21:57,279
Einstein era Einstein discovers in 1905

501
00:22:00,749 --> 00:21:59,349
the photoelectric effect and this is

502
00:22:02,459 --> 00:22:00,759
where we start to have an understanding

503
00:22:05,459 --> 00:22:02,469
of light as both a wave and a particle

504
00:22:08,219 --> 00:22:05,469
the wave particle duality of light

505
00:22:14,759 --> 00:22:08,229
Einstein also wins a Nobel Prize very

506
00:22:15,930 --> 00:22:14,769
cool for this work in 1921 so now with

507
00:22:18,149 --> 00:22:15,940
this sort of rudimentary understanding

508
00:22:19,820 --> 00:22:18,159
of our history of understanding

509
00:22:21,570 --> 00:22:19,830
we now have a framework for

510
00:22:23,100 --> 00:22:21,580
understanding how light is paved the

511
00:22:26,009 --> 00:22:23,110
wave this understanding is paved the way

512
00:22:27,930 --> 00:22:26,019
for astronomical spectroscopy which is

513
00:22:31,580 --> 00:22:27,940
now taking astronomy into a quantitative

514
00:22:34,109 --> 00:22:31,590
realm and allows astronomers to start to

515
00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:34,119
qualify stars by the nature of their

516
00:22:39,389 --> 00:22:37,210
light we can we can classify them that

517
00:22:41,159 --> 00:22:39,399
way and so as I mentioned before this is

518
00:22:42,960 --> 00:22:41,169
a this is a really detailed solar

519
00:22:44,729 --> 00:22:42,970
spectrum here and all of these dark

520
00:22:46,680 --> 00:22:44,739
lines here are caused by atoms and

521
00:22:48,479 --> 00:22:46,690
molecules in the solar atmosphere and

522
00:22:52,470 --> 00:22:48,489
using this information this is how we

523
00:22:54,899 --> 00:22:52,480
can classify stars but there are other

524
00:22:58,379 --> 00:22:54,909
ways that we get information from stars

525
00:23:00,509 --> 00:22:58,389
notably just by their light and there's

526
00:23:02,190 --> 00:23:00,519
a really great example of how just just

527
00:23:05,159 --> 00:23:02,200
measuring light and its intensity is

528
00:23:07,590 --> 00:23:05,169
really important not even 100 years ago

529
00:23:10,409 --> 00:23:07,600
we had this concept of the size of our

530
00:23:12,359 --> 00:23:10,419
universe that was was completely

531
00:23:13,379 --> 00:23:12,369
different than what we think today there

532
00:23:15,029 --> 00:23:13,389
was something called the great debate

533
00:23:18,899 --> 00:23:15,039
between Harlow Shapley and Herbert

534
00:23:21,330 --> 00:23:18,909
Curtis in 1920 where Shapley was on the

535
00:23:22,340 --> 00:23:21,340
side of saying that our universe was the

536
00:23:24,389 --> 00:23:22,350
Milky Way galaxy

537
00:23:26,249 --> 00:23:24,399
everything the entirety of the universe

538
00:23:27,570 --> 00:23:26,259
when we look up in the sky was contained

539
00:23:30,239 --> 00:23:27,580
within the hundred thousand light years

540
00:23:33,389 --> 00:23:30,249
or so of the Milky Way and Herbert

541
00:23:34,619 --> 00:23:33,399
Curtis was arguing that observational

542
00:23:37,320 --> 00:23:34,629
astronomers were looking up in the night

543
00:23:40,049 --> 00:23:37,330
sky and seeing what they called spiral

544
00:23:41,820 --> 00:23:40,059
nebulae now Herbert Curtis theorized

545
00:23:44,460 --> 00:23:41,830
that these spiral nebulae were actually

546
00:23:46,680 --> 00:23:44,470
Island universes or other galaxies in

547
00:23:50,669 --> 00:23:46,690
their own right much further distant

548
00:23:52,259 --> 00:23:50,679
from the Milky Way and so this was this

549
00:23:55,470 --> 00:23:52,269
is kind of what the state of the art was

550
00:24:00,440 --> 00:23:55,480
not in 1920 but one of the first hand

551
00:24:06,389 --> 00:24:02,700
of course light was the answer to

552
00:24:09,499 --> 00:24:06,399
figuring out the distance and and the

553
00:24:11,669 --> 00:24:09,509
true size of the universe and this was

554
00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:11,679
through the importance of Cepheid

555
00:24:15,989 --> 00:24:13,210
variable stars these are a type of star

556
00:24:18,090 --> 00:24:15,999
that pulsate with a known frequency that

557
00:24:20,269 --> 00:24:18,100
is directly related to their luminosity

558
00:24:22,169 --> 00:24:20,279
the amount of light they give off

559
00:24:24,180 --> 00:24:22,179
Henrietta Leavitt at the Harvard

560
00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:24,190
Observatory discovered this they call it

561
00:24:28,649 --> 00:24:25,210
appears she call it a period-luminosity

562
00:24:30,389 --> 00:24:28,659
relationship and so if you are able to

563
00:24:31,529 --> 00:24:30,399
accurately measure the period of

564
00:24:33,149 --> 00:24:31,539
pulsations of a Steffie

565
00:24:35,190 --> 00:24:33,159
variable star and you're able to

566
00:24:38,729 --> 00:24:35,200
determine the distance to the star very

567
00:24:40,259 --> 00:24:38,739
accurately and just to give you a sort

568
00:24:42,570 --> 00:24:40,269
of a down-to-earth example of how this

569
00:24:45,210 --> 00:24:42,580
works let's consider the 100 watt light

570
00:24:47,369 --> 00:24:45,220
bulb its absolute magnitude or its

571
00:24:49,590 --> 00:24:47,379
intrinsic brightness is 100 watts it's

572
00:24:51,899 --> 00:24:49,600
printed right on it its apparent

573
00:24:54,060 --> 00:24:51,909
magnitude is the brightness that you

574
00:24:56,999 --> 00:24:54,070
would measure from a distance to that

575
00:24:59,580 --> 00:24:57,009
light bulb okay and that has a very

576
00:25:01,580 --> 00:24:59,590
well-known relationship where the light

577
00:25:03,629 --> 00:25:01,590
falls off as a 1 over R squared

578
00:25:05,849 --> 00:25:03,639
relationship so as you go away from the

579
00:25:08,669 --> 00:25:05,859
light bulb that the brightness is

580
00:25:11,849 --> 00:25:08,679
dropping significantly and this way in

581
00:25:14,629 --> 00:25:11,859
this way and the true equation here this

582
00:25:16,649 --> 00:25:14,639
is how you can just derive the distance

583
00:25:19,950 --> 00:25:16,659
once you've measured that apparent

584
00:25:21,989 --> 00:25:19,960
magnitude and if you know the absolute

585
00:25:27,960 --> 00:25:21,999
magnitude then you can determine the

586
00:25:29,609 --> 00:25:27,970
distance to that bulb so this period

587
00:25:31,680 --> 00:25:29,619
luminosity function is essential in

588
00:25:36,299 --> 00:25:31,690
understanding the distances to the

589
00:25:38,519 --> 00:25:36,309
Cepheid variable stars so combined with

590
00:25:39,690 --> 00:25:38,529
their apparent magnitude we can now get

591
00:25:41,249 --> 00:25:39,700
an accurate distance measurement and

592
00:25:44,879 --> 00:25:41,259
that's exactly how this debate was

593
00:25:46,859 --> 00:25:44,889
finally settled in 1923 Edwin Hubble was

594
00:25:50,789 --> 00:25:46,869
observing Cepheid variable stars in the

595
00:25:55,499 --> 00:25:50,799
Andromeda nebula when he discovered this

596
00:25:57,239 --> 00:25:55,509
variable clearly denoted as var and

597
00:25:59,310 --> 00:25:57,249
using the the period-luminosity

598
00:26:01,049 --> 00:25:59,320
relationship he was able to determine an

599
00:26:03,450 --> 00:26:01,059
accurate distance to the Andromeda

600
00:26:06,089 --> 00:26:03,460
galaxy which was two and a half million

601
00:26:08,849 --> 00:26:06,099
light-years which was way further than

602
00:26:10,080 --> 00:26:08,859
the understanding of the size of the

603
00:26:11,940 --> 00:26:10,090
Milky Way galaxy at that time which was

604
00:26:13,859 --> 00:26:11,950
about a hundred thousand light years so

605
00:26:15,810 --> 00:26:13,869
a completely blew open our concept of

606
00:26:20,310 --> 00:26:15,820
the size of the universe just through

607
00:26:22,169 --> 00:26:20,320
measuring the brightness of light back

608
00:26:24,180 --> 00:26:22,179
in 2011 the Hubble Space Telescope

609
00:26:26,039 --> 00:26:24,190
actually went and looked at that same

610
00:26:27,659 --> 00:26:26,049
exact variable star and we measured a

611
00:26:32,639 --> 00:26:27,669
very accurate light curve and working

612
00:26:34,560 --> 00:26:32,649
with ground-based astronomers we have we

613
00:26:36,149 --> 00:26:34,570
determined a period of 31.4 days for

614
00:26:40,139 --> 00:26:36,159
that particular Cepheid variable star

615
00:26:42,210 --> 00:26:40,149
and so forth at work and for his many

616
00:26:44,339 --> 00:26:42,220
other contributions to our understanding

617
00:26:45,390 --> 00:26:44,349
of the event universe we named our

618
00:26:49,110 --> 00:26:45,400
favorite Space Telescope

619
00:26:50,520 --> 00:26:49,120
after Edwin Hubble the Hubble Space

620
00:26:53,070 --> 00:26:50,530
Telescope is arguably the greatest

621
00:26:55,680 --> 00:26:53,080
scientific endeavor of in the history of

622
00:26:57,510 --> 00:26:55,690
humanity for the last 29 years it has

623
00:26:59,970 --> 00:26:57,520
been providing us with breathtaking

624
00:27:03,860 --> 00:26:59,980
views of the cosmos and groundbreaking

625
00:27:05,940 --> 00:27:03,870
science thanks in no small part to the

626
00:27:08,580 --> 00:27:05,950
courageous men and women of the

627
00:27:10,740 --> 00:27:08,590
astronaut program who went up in four

628
00:27:11,970 --> 00:27:10,750
Shuttle missions servicing missions to

629
00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:11,980
make sure that Hubble was working in

630
00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:15,010
tip-top shape Hubble has become

631
00:27:17,820 --> 00:27:16,810
synonymous with astronomy and has

632
00:27:19,560 --> 00:27:17,830
literally transformed our understanding

633
00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:19,570
of the universe but also our

634
00:27:23,700 --> 00:27:21,010
understanding of what the universe looks

635
00:27:26,010 --> 00:27:23,710
like I think of these images as cosmic

636
00:27:27,380 --> 00:27:26,020
landscapes and as an image processor I

637
00:27:29,490 --> 00:27:27,390
approach them as a photographer would

638
00:27:31,650 --> 00:27:29,500
trying to pull out as much detail as

639
00:27:34,650 --> 00:27:31,660
possible while respecting the inherent

640
00:27:36,120 --> 00:27:34,660
data indeed the further we look the

641
00:27:40,860 --> 00:27:36,130
deeper we look with Hubble the deeper it

642
00:27:42,240 --> 00:27:40,870
gets and now I'd like to actually

643
00:27:45,120 --> 00:27:42,250
explore a little further some of the

644
00:27:47,340 --> 00:27:45,130
sorry some of the photographic concepts

645
00:27:48,780 --> 00:27:47,350
that I was talking about here the visual

646
00:27:50,820 --> 00:27:48,790
principles that that are sort of a

647
00:27:52,290 --> 00:27:50,830
guiding force in the work that I do when

648
00:27:54,120 --> 00:27:52,300
I'm taking the data from the telescope

649
00:27:56,490 --> 00:27:54,130
and turning it into press release

650
00:27:57,870 --> 00:27:56,500
imagery and so the three three key

651
00:28:00,360 --> 00:27:57,880
concepts that I always try to keep in

652
00:28:05,100 --> 00:28:00,370
mind are tonality color and Composition

653
00:28:07,860 --> 00:28:05,110
in these images so starting with

654
00:28:10,740 --> 00:28:07,870
tonality when we get the data from the

655
00:28:12,480 --> 00:28:10,750
telescope it comes down it looks

656
00:28:14,190 --> 00:28:12,490
basically just black and that's because

657
00:28:17,130 --> 00:28:14,200
the sensors the detectors on the

658
00:28:19,200 --> 00:28:17,140
telescope are very sensitive to light in

659
00:28:22,710 --> 00:28:19,210
a way that our eyes are not there's a

660
00:28:24,390 --> 00:28:22,720
huge dynamic range meaning that the the

661
00:28:27,690 --> 00:28:24,400
darkest darks and the brightest brights

662
00:28:30,150 --> 00:28:27,700
there's just a huge range of intensity

663
00:28:31,680 --> 00:28:30,160
values between the two much more than

664
00:28:33,390 --> 00:28:31,690
our eyes could see or much more that can

665
00:28:35,850 --> 00:28:33,400
even be displayed on an on a computer

666
00:28:37,650 --> 00:28:35,860
screen and so we have to scale that data

667
00:28:39,840 --> 00:28:37,660
so the first step is to be able to pull

668
00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:39,850
out the details of the data and so in

669
00:28:44,400 --> 00:28:41,770
this this is a linear scaling of an

670
00:28:46,140 --> 00:28:44,410
image we're using a linear scale you

671
00:28:48,420 --> 00:28:46,150
basically just see the brightest points

672
00:28:49,680 --> 00:28:48,430
so the Stars the Centers of the galaxies

673
00:28:52,380 --> 00:28:49,690
those are the things that are showing up

674
00:28:53,730 --> 00:28:52,390
when you do a linear scale now if you

675
00:28:56,070 --> 00:28:53,740
want to pull out more detail and see

676
00:28:58,320 --> 00:28:56,080
stuff that's that's darker than those

677
00:28:59,120 --> 00:28:58,330
bright point sources you need to ramp it

678
00:29:01,610 --> 00:28:59,130
up you need to

679
00:29:04,460 --> 00:29:01,620
that black level and just squish it up

680
00:29:05,960 --> 00:29:04,470
there and so now you can actually see

681
00:29:07,669 --> 00:29:05,970
some of that faint detail in that faint

682
00:29:09,680 --> 00:29:07,679
structure and the galaxies the the dust

683
00:29:11,900 --> 00:29:09,690
structure but because we stayed with a

684
00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:11,910
linear scaling we've sacrificed the

685
00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:13,410
cores of the galaxies and the cores of

686
00:29:17,450 --> 00:29:14,970
these bright stars now they're all blown

687
00:29:20,180 --> 00:29:17,460
out and we've we've lost we've lost data

688
00:29:22,310 --> 00:29:20,190
by doing this this is a completely

689
00:29:25,340 --> 00:29:22,320
saturated to white so you've lost that

690
00:29:27,350 --> 00:29:25,350
data so we need to do a nonlinear

691
00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:27,360
transformation to the image to be able

692
00:29:32,240 --> 00:29:30,210
to recover the details in those cores

693
00:29:34,700 --> 00:29:32,250
but also be able to see the structure

694
00:29:36,080 --> 00:29:34,710
the faint structure in those galaxies so

695
00:29:37,789 --> 00:29:36,090
a nonlinear transformation like a

696
00:29:40,279 --> 00:29:37,799
logarithmic transformation onto the

697
00:29:41,810 --> 00:29:40,289
image will allow you to see the full

698
00:29:44,960 --> 00:29:41,820
range of brightness from darkest to

699
00:29:47,210 --> 00:29:44,970
bright without sacrificing anything so

700
00:29:50,930 --> 00:29:47,220
this is a key first step in in working

701
00:29:52,520 --> 00:29:50,940
on these these data and an example of a

702
00:29:53,630 --> 00:29:52,530
tool that you could use to do this kind

703
00:29:55,640 --> 00:29:53,640
of thing is this is called fits

704
00:29:58,520 --> 00:29:55,650
Liberator it's available for free from

705
00:30:00,110 --> 00:29:58,530
the Space Telescope org I don't actually

706
00:30:01,880 --> 00:30:00,120
use this tool I use something called pix

707
00:30:05,060 --> 00:30:01,890
insight if you're an astronaut odd refer

708
00:30:06,409 --> 00:30:05,070
you may be familiar with that basically

709
00:30:08,360 --> 00:30:06,419
all this does is it allows you to do

710
00:30:10,120 --> 00:30:08,370
that kind of transformation that kind of

711
00:30:12,440 --> 00:30:10,130
nonlinear transformation to your data

712
00:30:14,060 --> 00:30:12,450
you basically select the stretch

713
00:30:16,010 --> 00:30:14,070
function here so in this case it's an

714
00:30:18,440 --> 00:30:16,020
arc sine function which is a nonlinear

715
00:30:19,960 --> 00:30:18,450
transformation and then in here you see

716
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:19,970
the histogram which is basically just

717
00:30:25,330 --> 00:30:23,010
showing you the intensity values from

718
00:30:28,640 --> 00:30:25,340
dark to bright across the whole image

719
00:30:30,680 --> 00:30:28,650
okay so there's a lot of really dark

720
00:30:31,970 --> 00:30:30,690
stuff and then a tip there's a long tail

721
00:30:33,230 --> 00:30:31,980
to the bright stuff so the brightest

722
00:30:34,850 --> 00:30:33,240
things are these stars and then

723
00:30:37,490 --> 00:30:34,860
everything else sort of shows up in the

724
00:30:39,080 --> 00:30:37,500
in the darkest range and so you can now

725
00:30:40,850 --> 00:30:39,090
stretch that out and then you can change

726
00:30:42,970 --> 00:30:40,860
your white and black points to suit your

727
00:30:45,140 --> 00:30:42,980
needs

728
00:30:47,960 --> 00:30:45,150
so now thinking about color and

729
00:30:51,440 --> 00:30:47,970
composite color this is how we get color

730
00:30:52,940 --> 00:30:51,450
from these images Hubble takes images in

731
00:30:55,010 --> 00:30:52,950
different filters and those filters

732
00:30:57,830 --> 00:30:55,020
allow certain wavelengths of light to

733
00:31:00,020 --> 00:30:57,840
pass through to create images specific

734
00:31:01,970 --> 00:31:00,030
to those wavelengths so when we look

735
00:31:03,380 --> 00:31:01,980
through color filters we see color but

736
00:31:05,539 --> 00:31:03,390
Hubble's detectors see in black and

737
00:31:06,770 --> 00:31:05,549
white and so the images that we get from

738
00:31:09,409 --> 00:31:06,780
the telescope are black and white

739
00:31:12,530 --> 00:31:09,419
we need to apply color after the fact to

740
00:31:14,060 --> 00:31:12,540
make a color image and so for the exam

741
00:31:16,720 --> 00:31:14,070
that we were looking at this is Stefan's

742
00:31:19,730 --> 00:31:16,730
quintet this is what we call a natural

743
00:31:23,090 --> 00:31:19,740
broadband color the three filters that

744
00:31:24,770 --> 00:31:23,100
are here are basically red green and

745
00:31:26,480 --> 00:31:24,780
blue essentially since the sensitivity

746
00:31:29,570 --> 00:31:26,490
of our eyes that's why we call it

747
00:31:30,980 --> 00:31:29,580
natural color each filter covers a sort

748
00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:30,990
of a broad wavelength range

749
00:31:36,590 --> 00:31:32,970
corresponding to blue light green light

750
00:31:38,210 --> 00:31:36,600
and red light so we take these data

751
00:31:40,280 --> 00:31:38,220
we've scaled them now appropriately with

752
00:31:42,620 --> 00:31:40,290
a nonlinear transformation now we apply

753
00:31:45,710 --> 00:31:42,630
color to them according to their

754
00:31:47,960 --> 00:31:45,720
wavelengths in the filters and then we

755
00:31:48,620 --> 00:31:47,970
combine them together in image editing

756
00:31:52,760 --> 00:31:48,630
software

757
00:31:55,190 --> 00:31:52,770
maybe Photoshop and you get this now

758
00:31:58,820 --> 00:31:55,200
this isn't the end of the story this is

759
00:32:00,680 --> 00:31:58,830
where the the more subjective aesthetics

760
00:32:03,140 --> 00:32:00,690
come into play so the photographer's eye

761
00:32:06,020 --> 00:32:03,150
becomes important here to be able to

762
00:32:08,690 --> 00:32:06,030
notice if there's a color cast in this

763
00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:08,700
image if there are things that are that

764
00:32:11,420 --> 00:32:10,170
need to be cleaned up a lot of times

765
00:32:14,900 --> 00:32:11,430
there are artifacts in these images

766
00:32:16,790 --> 00:32:14,910
there are cosmic rays there are ghosts

767
00:32:17,900 --> 00:32:16,800
from reflect internal reflections of the

768
00:32:19,430 --> 00:32:17,910
telescope and all these things have to

769
00:32:22,910 --> 00:32:19,440
be taken out of the image for for a

770
00:32:25,130 --> 00:32:22,920
press release and so after cleaning all

771
00:32:27,650 --> 00:32:25,140
that up and adjusting contrast and

772
00:32:31,100 --> 00:32:27,660
tonality we get we arrive at the the

773
00:32:32,690 --> 00:32:31,110
clean press release image using the the

774
00:32:35,180 --> 00:32:32,700
full tonal range and preserving as much

775
00:32:37,880 --> 00:32:35,190
of the color to show off all of the

776
00:32:39,590 --> 00:32:37,890
important structures in the image so for

777
00:32:42,140 --> 00:32:39,600
example that the galaxy the foreground

778
00:32:44,570 --> 00:32:42,150
galaxy here these bright red regions are

779
00:32:46,490 --> 00:32:44,580
they're called h2 regions their pockets

780
00:32:48,290 --> 00:32:46,500
of hydrogen gas where stars are forming

781
00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:48,300
and we want to be able to see that

782
00:32:53,390 --> 00:32:50,010
clearly in the image and so it's

783
00:32:55,730 --> 00:32:53,400
processed to show that now looking at

784
00:32:59,180 --> 00:32:55,740
another type of image that Hubble will

785
00:33:02,690 --> 00:32:59,190
typically take data on is a narrowband

786
00:33:04,010 --> 00:33:02,700
image and now this is similar to what we

787
00:33:06,440 --> 00:33:04,020
were just talking about within the

788
00:33:08,960 --> 00:33:06,450
natural color only with narrow bands the

789
00:33:11,240 --> 00:33:08,970
filters that we use are looking at very

790
00:33:14,110 --> 00:33:11,250
specific wavelengths very small regions

791
00:33:16,250 --> 00:33:14,120
of the electromagnetic spectrum and

792
00:33:17,780 --> 00:33:16,260
we're taking an image and each one of

793
00:33:20,090 --> 00:33:17,790
those filters and now combining them

794
00:33:22,310 --> 00:33:20,100
together to make a color image but

795
00:33:26,180 --> 00:33:22,320
unlike before where we had the sort of

796
00:33:28,280 --> 00:33:26,190
natural transmen translation from

797
00:33:30,290 --> 00:33:28,290
red green and blue based on the filters

798
00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:30,300
in this case these filters that

799
00:33:34,790 --> 00:33:32,610
correspond to oxygen hydrogen and sulfur

800
00:33:37,010 --> 00:33:34,800
if I were to color them according to

801
00:33:39,500 --> 00:33:37,020
where they actually exist on the visible

802
00:33:42,350 --> 00:33:39,510
spectrum you would basically get cyan

803
00:33:45,250 --> 00:33:42,360
red and slightly more red which creates

804
00:33:48,560 --> 00:33:45,260
this image which is kind of ugly and

805
00:33:50,090 --> 00:33:48,570
doesn't actually tell you a lot it's

806
00:33:51,950 --> 00:33:50,100
it's aesthetically it's not very nice

807
00:33:54,740 --> 00:33:51,960
but it also doesn't really reveal the

808
00:33:59,840 --> 00:33:54,750
true beauty and the true depth of the

809
00:34:02,330 --> 00:33:59,850
data so instead of using the the colors

810
00:34:04,810 --> 00:34:02,340
as they're assigned in the spectrum we

811
00:34:08,870 --> 00:34:04,820
can apply this sort of RGB mentality to

812
00:34:11,210 --> 00:34:08,880
shift wavelengths shift the filters and

813
00:34:12,470 --> 00:34:11,220
apply blue green and red to these as

814
00:34:14,030 --> 00:34:12,480
well as long as it's chromatically

815
00:34:15,950 --> 00:34:14,040
ordered so that the shortest wavelengths

816
00:34:18,880 --> 00:34:15,960
get blue and the longest wavelengths get

817
00:34:22,970 --> 00:34:18,890
red and then green comes in the middle

818
00:34:25,970 --> 00:34:22,980
so now oxygen becomes pure blue hydrogen

819
00:34:27,169 --> 00:34:25,980
becomes green and sulfur stays red but

820
00:34:29,080 --> 00:34:27,179
when you combine them together this way

821
00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:29,090
you get this much more pleasing

822
00:34:32,780 --> 00:34:31,410
composite image that actually reveals

823
00:34:34,610 --> 00:34:32,790
more detail because you've now created

824
00:34:36,560 --> 00:34:34,620
an image that has a fuller color range

825
00:34:39,290 --> 00:34:36,570
in it it allows more of the data to show

826
00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:39,300
off I mean I would argue that the the

827
00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:41,610
wispy details surrounding the nebula

828
00:34:48,380 --> 00:34:44,610
here are much more apparent in the image

829
00:34:49,610 --> 00:34:48,390
that's RGB and of course this is the

830
00:34:50,169 --> 00:34:49,620
Eagle Nebula I probably should have led

831
00:34:55,090 --> 00:34:50,179
with that

832
00:34:57,110 --> 00:34:55,100
the famous pillars of creation image and

833
00:35:00,590 --> 00:34:57,120
then there's the post-processing steps

834
00:35:03,050 --> 00:35:00,600
so here is the that the basic color

835
00:35:06,080 --> 00:35:03,060
combination RG and B from those narrow

836
00:35:06,650 --> 00:35:06,090
band filters but that's not the end of

837
00:35:09,380 --> 00:35:06,660
the story

838
00:35:10,700 --> 00:35:09,390
we will now want to take away the color

839
00:35:12,410 --> 00:35:10,710
casts we want to do additional

840
00:35:14,900 --> 00:35:12,420
processing we want to brighten it we

841
00:35:16,400 --> 00:35:14,910
want to highlight different features the

842
00:35:18,860 --> 00:35:16,410
stars look a little strange let's take

843
00:35:20,780 --> 00:35:18,870
some of that red out of the stars let's

844
00:35:23,450 --> 00:35:20,790
emphasize the structure of the the

845
00:35:25,640 --> 00:35:23,460
pillars of creation themselves balance

846
00:35:28,010 --> 00:35:25,650
the color better pull out the shadow

847
00:35:30,860 --> 00:35:28,020
details as much as we can and then crop

848
00:35:33,620 --> 00:35:30,870
it and that's just work the composition

849
00:35:35,630 --> 00:35:33,630
comes into play these images are these

850
00:35:37,130 --> 00:35:35,640
are objects in space there's no up or

851
00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:37,140
down although astronomers will argue

852
00:35:45,070 --> 00:35:42,910
it must be Northup it doesn't have to be

853
00:35:47,340 --> 00:35:45,080
Northup it can be any orientation that

854
00:35:49,840 --> 00:35:47,350
works aesthetically if we want it to be

855
00:35:53,050 --> 00:35:49,850
so that's where the photographer's eye

856
00:35:54,430 --> 00:35:53,060
again comes into play so now I'd like to

857
00:35:55,630 --> 00:35:54,440
shift a little bit from what we've been

858
00:35:58,150 --> 00:35:55,640
talking about with Hubble into more

859
00:35:59,770 --> 00:35:58,160
multi-wavelength astronomy and before I

860
00:36:01,240 --> 00:35:59,780
do that I just want to give you a quick

861
00:36:02,710 --> 00:36:01,250
refresher on the electromagnetic

862
00:36:04,030 --> 00:36:02,720
spectrum I've been talking about it a

863
00:36:06,730 --> 00:36:04,040
lot but I never actually showed this

864
00:36:07,780 --> 00:36:06,740
this graph I'm sure most of you are

865
00:36:10,030 --> 00:36:07,790
familiar with the electromagnetic

866
00:36:13,930 --> 00:36:10,040
spectrum this is light in all its forms

867
00:36:15,640 --> 00:36:13,940
from the the lowest energy longest

868
00:36:17,350 --> 00:36:15,650
wavelengths up to the highest energy

869
00:36:19,540 --> 00:36:17,360
shortest wavelengths so radio microwave

870
00:36:21,700 --> 00:36:19,550
infrared visible light UV x-ray gamma

871
00:36:23,710 --> 00:36:21,710
ray it's all there this is everything

872
00:36:24,970 --> 00:36:23,720
all that we well not that all that we

873
00:36:27,280 --> 00:36:24,980
see all that we see is just that little

874
00:36:28,690 --> 00:36:27,290
bit in the middle and that's because our

875
00:36:30,070 --> 00:36:28,700
eyes have evolved on a planet that

876
00:36:33,790 --> 00:36:30,080
orbits a star that emits most of its

877
00:36:35,530 --> 00:36:33,800
light in the visible wavelengths so as

878
00:36:36,580 --> 00:36:35,540
I'm showing these images in the

879
00:36:38,290 --> 00:36:36,590
following slides I'm gonna have this

880
00:36:40,960 --> 00:36:38,300
handy little guide here to tell you

881
00:36:42,820 --> 00:36:40,970
which wavelengths of light are actually

882
00:36:44,520 --> 00:36:42,830
shown in that image and how they're

883
00:36:46,600 --> 00:36:44,530
colored so keep an eye out for that

884
00:36:49,090 --> 00:36:46,610
before I show the images that I want to

885
00:36:53,050 --> 00:36:49,100
just review quickly the NASA's Great

886
00:36:55,210 --> 00:36:53,060
observatories program this was NASA's

887
00:36:58,420 --> 00:36:55,220
attempt to to really broaden our

888
00:36:59,800 --> 00:36:58,430
horizons visually speaking to take in as

889
00:37:02,890 --> 00:36:59,810
much light as possible in all the

890
00:37:04,360 --> 00:37:02,900
different wavelength ranges and they

891
00:37:05,890 --> 00:37:04,370
have to be for most part they have to be

892
00:37:09,640 --> 00:37:05,900
space-based observatories because

893
00:37:12,850 --> 00:37:09,650
Earth's atmosphere is opaque to most of

894
00:37:14,050 --> 00:37:12,860
these high-energy most of the

895
00:37:15,880 --> 00:37:14,060
high-energy part of the electromagnetic

896
00:37:18,040 --> 00:37:15,890
spectrum gamma rays x-rays they're all

897
00:37:21,940 --> 00:37:18,050
and UV are mostly absorbed by our

898
00:37:23,470 --> 00:37:21,950
atmosphere which is good for us in the

899
00:37:25,180 --> 00:37:23,480
infrared is also mostly absorbed by the

900
00:37:26,590 --> 00:37:25,190
atmosphere and so we have to put these

901
00:37:29,050 --> 00:37:26,600
observatories up in space above our

902
00:37:31,030 --> 00:37:29,060
atmosphere of course with Hubble it's it

903
00:37:32,830 --> 00:37:31,040
really helps to have the telescope up in

904
00:37:34,240 --> 00:37:32,840
space because even though the atmosphere

905
00:37:38,880 --> 00:37:34,250
it lets visible light through it does

906
00:37:41,080 --> 00:37:38,890
distort it so NASA's Great observatories

907
00:37:44,260 --> 00:37:41,090
include the Compton gamma ray

908
00:37:47,590 --> 00:37:44,270
Observatory which was launched in 1991

909
00:37:49,300 --> 00:37:47,600
and operated until 2000 the Chandra

910
00:37:51,850 --> 00:37:49,310
x-ray Observatory which is this year

911
00:37:52,960 --> 00:37:51,860
celebrating 20 years in orbit Hubble

912
00:37:55,900 --> 00:37:52,970
Space Telescope which is

913
00:37:58,420 --> 00:37:55,910
29 years in orbit and the Spitzer Space

914
00:38:00,760 --> 00:37:58,430
Telescope which was launched in 2003 and

915
00:38:05,770 --> 00:38:00,770
is supposed to be shut down in January

916
00:38:06,790 --> 00:38:05,780
so why would why don't we want to look

917
00:38:11,109 --> 00:38:06,800
at the universe in multiple wavelengths

918
00:38:13,630 --> 00:38:11,119
I like to make this analogy to listening

919
00:38:14,770 --> 00:38:13,640
to an orchestra and imagine that you're

920
00:38:17,650 --> 00:38:14,780
listening to the orchestra but you can

921
00:38:18,960 --> 00:38:17,660
only hear a brass section it's gonna be

922
00:38:21,190 --> 00:38:18,970
a very different experience

923
00:38:22,570 --> 00:38:21,200
similarly when we're looking in space

924
00:38:24,760 --> 00:38:22,580
and we're trying to observe the universe

925
00:38:26,980 --> 00:38:24,770
and understand it it really helps to

926
00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:26,990
look and as many wavelengths as possible

927
00:38:31,180 --> 00:38:28,010
because there's a lot more information

928
00:38:34,060 --> 00:38:31,190
there so let's look at something in

929
00:38:36,130 --> 00:38:34,070
x-ray light now we're in high energies

930
00:38:39,130 --> 00:38:36,140
we shift it into high gear this is

931
00:38:41,050 --> 00:38:39,140
Cassiopeia A and it's an x-ray image in

932
00:38:42,940 --> 00:38:41,060
red green and blue so following a

933
00:38:44,520 --> 00:38:42,950
similar coloring pattern to what I

934
00:38:47,290 --> 00:38:44,530
showed you with the narrowband imaging

935
00:38:49,690 --> 00:38:47,300
now we're applying that concept to x-ray

936
00:38:51,310 --> 00:38:49,700
light we're breaking it down into low

937
00:38:53,920 --> 00:38:51,320
medium and high energy x-rays and

938
00:38:55,570 --> 00:38:53,930
applying red green and blue colors to

939
00:38:57,790 --> 00:38:55,580
those images and when you put that all

940
00:39:01,120 --> 00:38:57,800
together you get this amazing image of a

941
00:39:02,890 --> 00:39:01,130
supernova remnant where this bright spot

942
00:39:05,170 --> 00:39:02,900
here is a neutron star that's left over

943
00:39:07,930 --> 00:39:05,180
after the explosion a supernova of a

944
00:39:10,720 --> 00:39:07,940
star all of that material was blasted

945
00:39:13,390 --> 00:39:10,730
off into space and is emitting x-rays

946
00:39:15,370 --> 00:39:13,400
it's very hot and there are blast waves

947
00:39:17,650 --> 00:39:15,380
moving outward and there's one moving

948
00:39:19,440 --> 00:39:17,660
inwards called a reverse shock the

949
00:39:21,730 --> 00:39:19,450
highest-energy x-rays which are blue

950
00:39:23,560 --> 00:39:21,740
surrounds all of the material inside

951
00:39:25,630 --> 00:39:23,570
that's the shockwave moving out into

952
00:39:27,940 --> 00:39:25,640
space there's even this cool jet

953
00:39:29,500 --> 00:39:27,950
shooting out to the side here that's

954
00:39:31,450 --> 00:39:29,510
mostly green light that actually

955
00:39:34,120 --> 00:39:31,460
corresponds to iron that's emitting

956
00:39:36,430 --> 00:39:34,130
x-rays and that's a really interesting

957
00:39:38,650 --> 00:39:36,440
feature some somehow the star when it

958
00:39:40,210 --> 00:39:38,660
exploded preferentially shot material

959
00:39:43,480 --> 00:39:40,220
out in one direction and that became the

960
00:39:45,730 --> 00:39:43,490
jet moving in that direction but now we

961
00:39:47,170 --> 00:39:45,740
can apply this multi-wavelength concept

962
00:39:50,109 --> 00:39:47,180
to it and bring in Hubble Space

963
00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:50,119
Telescope data and if I take away the

964
00:39:54,930 --> 00:39:52,490
x-ray data we get a very different

965
00:39:58,060 --> 00:39:54,940
understanding of the supernova remnant

966
00:39:59,530 --> 00:39:58,070
most of what we're seeing here traces a

967
00:40:02,170 --> 00:39:59,540
lot of what we saw in the x-rays but

968
00:40:04,690 --> 00:40:02,180
leaves a lot out too this is oxygen

969
00:40:06,250 --> 00:40:04,700
mostly oxygen that's emitting it's

970
00:40:11,260 --> 00:40:06,260
radiating and visit

971
00:40:14,890 --> 00:40:11,270
wavelengths but also an x-ray we were

972
00:40:16,360 --> 00:40:14,900
back to the x-ray here's another one of

973
00:40:21,070 --> 00:40:16,370
my favorites this the Whirlpool Galaxy

974
00:40:25,270 --> 00:40:21,080
and what we're looking at here is the

975
00:40:28,060 --> 00:40:25,280
full color natural color broadband red

976
00:40:31,720 --> 00:40:28,070
green and blue optical image and x-rays

977
00:40:33,220 --> 00:40:31,730
overlaid in purple and now this is a

978
00:40:34,870 --> 00:40:33,230
this is of just a beautiful spiral

979
00:40:36,520 --> 00:40:34,880
galaxy that we many people are familiar

980
00:40:38,920 --> 00:40:36,530
with with that's been a very famous

981
00:40:41,290 --> 00:40:38,930
Hubble image full of these h2 regions

982
00:40:43,780 --> 00:40:41,300
these regions of star formation full of

983
00:40:46,300 --> 00:40:43,790
blue stars lots of intricate dust lanes

984
00:40:48,670 --> 00:40:46,310
moving out and it's spiral but when we

985
00:40:51,610 --> 00:40:48,680
look at it in the solely in x-rays we

986
00:40:53,530 --> 00:40:51,620
see a very different view mainly what

987
00:40:56,080 --> 00:40:53,540
we're looking at here is hot gas the hot

988
00:40:58,050 --> 00:40:56,090
gas between stars and all the points

989
00:41:01,480 --> 00:40:58,060
sources here most of those are actually

990
00:41:04,690 --> 00:41:01,490
black holes or x-ray binaries neutron

991
00:41:06,550 --> 00:41:04,700
saw our black hole binaries and of

992
00:41:10,090 --> 00:41:06,560
course there's the supermassive black

993
00:41:11,350 --> 00:41:10,100
hole at the center of the the Whirlpool

994
00:41:12,970 --> 00:41:11,360
Galaxy as well that we're seeing in

995
00:41:14,290 --> 00:41:12,980
x-ray light so all of this is this is

996
00:41:15,580 --> 00:41:14,300
very high-energy phenomena that's

997
00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:15,590
emitting x-rays and we're seeing that

998
00:41:20,020 --> 00:41:18,410
here and now we can also apply the three

999
00:41:22,840 --> 00:41:20,030
color method to this and get even more

1000
00:41:24,550 --> 00:41:22,850
information from the x-ray data and so

1001
00:41:25,870 --> 00:41:24,560
now we're seeing that most of that hot

1002
00:41:28,060 --> 00:41:25,880
gas that we're looking at is actually

1003
00:41:29,710 --> 00:41:28,070
emitting low-energy x-rays and it's

1004
00:41:32,470 --> 00:41:29,720
those point sources that are really the

1005
00:41:38,080 --> 00:41:32,480
really super energetic bright white

1006
00:41:39,850 --> 00:41:38,090
lights of this in this galaxy now moving

1007
00:41:41,920 --> 00:41:39,860
on so one of my favorite images that I

1008
00:41:45,910 --> 00:41:41,930
one of the first images I worked on when

1009
00:41:48,280 --> 00:41:45,920
I came over to space telescope the Crab

1010
00:41:49,630 --> 00:41:48,290
Nebula so this is a supernova remnant

1011
00:41:52,480 --> 00:41:49,640
another supernova remnant they're my

1012
00:41:54,720 --> 00:41:52,490
favorite in the constellation of Taurus

1013
00:41:57,310 --> 00:41:54,730
it's about 6,500 light years away and

1014
00:41:58,540 --> 00:41:57,320
this image is actually made up of five

1015
00:42:00,250 --> 00:41:58,550
different wavelengths of light

1016
00:42:03,550 --> 00:42:00,260
all combined together so now we're kind

1017
00:42:05,830 --> 00:42:03,560
of taking our concept of three color and

1018
00:42:07,420 --> 00:42:05,840
playing around with it and when I made

1019
00:42:10,390 --> 00:42:07,430
this image I really was thinking that

1020
00:42:12,070 --> 00:42:10,400
way I was like I have this concept for

1021
00:42:14,800 --> 00:42:12,080
how to put together images with three

1022
00:42:16,660 --> 00:42:14,810
with 3m and three component images red

1023
00:42:18,610 --> 00:42:16,670
green and blue how can we apply that to

1024
00:42:20,050 --> 00:42:18,620
something that has more more than three

1025
00:42:23,080 --> 00:42:20,060
channels to it

1026
00:42:24,970 --> 00:42:23,090
well basically I just took the color

1027
00:42:27,330 --> 00:42:24,980
wheel and broke it down I just divided

1028
00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:27,340
it by five and so then you get steps of

1029
00:42:34,330 --> 00:42:31,610
72 per color so the lowest wavelength

1030
00:42:39,370 --> 00:42:34,340
radio data gets read and then you move

1031
00:42:41,790 --> 00:42:39,380
up 72 color units into the green sort of

1032
00:42:44,860 --> 00:42:41,800
orangish green to get to infra red and

1033
00:42:48,190 --> 00:42:44,870
then optical and an ultraviolet and

1034
00:42:50,290 --> 00:42:48,200
x-ray so it's really basically a simple

1035
00:42:53,200 --> 00:42:50,300
application of this this idea of how to

1036
00:42:55,330 --> 00:42:53,210
apply color to the data and now we can

1037
00:42:57,760 --> 00:42:55,340
step through each one and see in the

1038
00:42:59,620 --> 00:42:57,770
Crab Nebula this is a neutron star

1039
00:43:01,870 --> 00:42:59,630
pulsar at the centre here again it's

1040
00:43:03,550 --> 00:43:01,880
another supernova remnant there's a disk

1041
00:43:04,870 --> 00:43:03,560
of material swirling around this and

1042
00:43:07,480 --> 00:43:04,880
this is again all x-rays are very

1043
00:43:08,710 --> 00:43:07,490
high-energy this material swirling

1044
00:43:10,510 --> 00:43:08,720
around the star there are jets coming

1045
00:43:12,610 --> 00:43:10,520
out of it and it's basically the heart

1046
00:43:14,050 --> 00:43:12,620
the engine of this whole supernova

1047
00:43:17,080 --> 00:43:14,060
remnant it's just a radiating everything

1048
00:43:19,660 --> 00:43:17,090
around it so as we step down an energy

1049
00:43:22,090 --> 00:43:19,670
shift in wavelengths now we're looking

1050
00:43:24,970 --> 00:43:22,100
at ultraviolet light and that starts to

1051
00:43:28,270 --> 00:43:24,980
show more of the interior of the nebulas

1052
00:43:29,860 --> 00:43:28,280
structure surrounding the Pulsar now

1053
00:43:31,690 --> 00:43:29,870
with Hubble and it's superb resolution

1054
00:43:33,070 --> 00:43:31,700
we're seeing filaments of material that

1055
00:43:36,070 --> 00:43:33,080
were ejected from that star and are

1056
00:43:37,540 --> 00:43:36,080
being irradiated by that core and you

1057
00:43:40,420 --> 00:43:37,550
can kind of see a ghost of that core

1058
00:43:42,160 --> 00:43:40,430
here this sort of ghostly glow in the

1059
00:43:44,380 --> 00:43:42,170
middle here that's again coming from

1060
00:43:48,580 --> 00:43:44,390
that neutron star and it's and it's

1061
00:43:49,900 --> 00:43:48,590
swirling disc of material as we shift

1062
00:43:52,120 --> 00:43:49,910
down to longer wavelengths lower

1063
00:43:54,070 --> 00:43:52,130
energies now we're looking at warm dust

1064
00:43:56,290 --> 00:43:54,080
so this is kind of tracing those

1065
00:43:57,520 --> 00:43:56,300
filaments as well and the only gets a

1066
00:44:00,610 --> 00:43:57,530
radio wavelengths we're actually looking

1067
00:44:02,170 --> 00:44:00,620
at more of we're getting an

1068
00:44:04,270 --> 00:44:02,180
understanding of the magnetic fields

1069
00:44:06,460 --> 00:44:04,280
that are constraining all of the

1070
00:44:08,080 --> 00:44:06,470
material in the supernova remnant and so

1071
00:44:10,570 --> 00:44:08,090
now this is a really great example of

1072
00:44:12,340 --> 00:44:10,580
why it matters to look at the universe

1073
00:44:13,630 --> 00:44:12,350
and multiple wavelengths having all of

1074
00:44:14,770 --> 00:44:13,640
this information and being able to see

1075
00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:14,780
it all at once gives you a much

1076
00:44:21,530 --> 00:44:16,610
different picture of what's happening

1077
00:44:25,460 --> 00:44:23,540
now here's a really good one I just put

1078
00:44:28,220 --> 00:44:25,470
this in here yesterday this is a press

1079
00:44:31,250 --> 00:44:28,230
release from yesterday of Etta karena

1080
00:44:34,550 --> 00:44:31,260
this is 7,500 light-years away in the

1081
00:44:36,500 --> 00:44:34,560
Carina constellation and basically

1082
00:44:38,180 --> 00:44:36,510
there's there was an explosion about 170

1083
00:44:40,130 --> 00:44:38,190
years ago and there's this sort of

1084
00:44:41,720 --> 00:44:40,140
bipolar outflow coming out there was

1085
00:44:44,840 --> 00:44:41,730
there was a triple star system we think

1086
00:44:46,580 --> 00:44:44,850
maybe one of the stars absorbed the

1087
00:44:48,650 --> 00:44:46,590
other star and created this explosion so

1088
00:44:50,390 --> 00:44:48,660
now there's a binary system in here the

1089
00:44:51,890 --> 00:44:50,400
really interesting thing about this new

1090
00:44:55,090 --> 00:44:51,900
image that just came out yesterday and

1091
00:44:59,630 --> 00:44:55,100
it's a celebration of the 4th of July

1092
00:45:02,540 --> 00:44:59,640
the blue data here this is all new this

1093
00:45:05,060 --> 00:45:02,550
was just taken last year and it's it's

1094
00:45:06,650 --> 00:45:05,070
highlighting magnesium and I should say

1095
00:45:07,820 --> 00:45:06,660
this is a just as just Hubble data this

1096
00:45:09,730 --> 00:45:07,830
is just an optical image we're not

1097
00:45:12,440 --> 00:45:09,740
looking at x-rays or anything like that

1098
00:45:15,350 --> 00:45:12,450
but this was the first time that we were

1099
00:45:17,600 --> 00:45:15,360
able to see material sort of between the

1100
00:45:18,920 --> 00:45:17,610
we call this the homunculus between the

1101
00:45:21,710 --> 00:45:18,930
homunculus and then the surrounding

1102
00:45:23,090 --> 00:45:21,720
nebula in the red we always thought

1103
00:45:24,860 --> 00:45:23,100
there was sort of this gap between the

1104
00:45:29,390 --> 00:45:24,870
two but now it's actually filled in with

1105
00:45:30,980 --> 00:45:29,400
magnesium magnesium light and it was

1106
00:45:34,100 --> 00:45:30,990
made possible by taking a really deep

1107
00:45:35,720 --> 00:45:34,110
look at this object in that filter which

1108
00:45:38,270 --> 00:45:35,730
is an ultraviolet so it's a pretty

1109
00:45:40,280 --> 00:45:38,280
high-energy filter and Hubble terms and

1110
00:45:42,410 --> 00:45:40,290
it has implications for our

1111
00:45:44,120 --> 00:45:42,420
understanding of these kinds of objects

1112
00:45:45,980 --> 00:45:44,130
elsewhere in the universe you know I've

1113
00:45:47,780 --> 00:45:45,990
been talking about these h2 regions and

1114
00:45:49,700 --> 00:45:47,790
galaxies these red dots that sort of

1115
00:45:51,470 --> 00:45:49,710
highlight star formation well it's

1116
00:45:53,780 --> 00:45:51,480
possible that there are these magnitude

1117
00:45:56,600 --> 00:45:53,790
regions elsewhere as well to kind of

1118
00:45:59,810 --> 00:45:56,610
highlight another another aspect of this

1119
00:46:00,980 --> 00:45:59,820
kind of formation and one thing I've

1120
00:46:02,450 --> 00:46:00,990
wanted to do with this which is really

1121
00:46:04,610 --> 00:46:02,460
fun and I could do this for any image

1122
00:46:07,130 --> 00:46:04,620
but I thought this would be cool let's

1123
00:46:09,200 --> 00:46:07,140
take a step back and see where this is

1124
00:46:09,710 --> 00:46:09,210
in the sky right there's the Milky Way

1125
00:46:11,870 --> 00:46:09,720
galaxy

1126
00:46:13,700 --> 00:46:11,880
this is a beautiful image made by a Nick

1127
00:46:16,280 --> 00:46:13,710
Reisinger he actually travelled the

1128
00:46:18,380 --> 00:46:16,290
world to take this image over the period

1129
00:46:20,030 --> 00:46:18,390
of about a year took images all around

1130
00:46:21,770 --> 00:46:20,040
the world and put together this stitch

1131
00:46:23,330 --> 00:46:21,780
together this huge panoramic image of

1132
00:46:24,920 --> 00:46:23,340
the Milky Way galaxy and this isn't even

1133
00:46:27,770 --> 00:46:24,930
the whole thing it's just a piece of it

1134
00:46:29,900 --> 00:46:27,780
but that region we were just looking at

1135
00:46:33,050 --> 00:46:29,910
is contained within that little box so

1136
00:46:35,160 --> 00:46:33,060
now let's zoom in on that box this is a

1137
00:46:37,380 --> 00:46:35,170
digitized Sky Survey

1138
00:46:39,740 --> 00:46:37,390
of that region so this is the Carina

1139
00:46:42,120 --> 00:46:39,750
Nebula here this sort of whole structure

1140
00:46:45,180 --> 00:46:42,130
now we can zoom it even further this

1141
00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:45,190
becomes like fractal this box here

1142
00:46:50,010 --> 00:46:47,410
corresponds to a famous Hubble press

1143
00:46:52,740 --> 00:46:50,020
release image from a few years ago the

1144
00:46:55,859 --> 00:46:52,750
Carina complex and now contained within

1145
00:46:57,599 --> 00:46:55,869
this image is at a Carina the image we

1146
00:47:03,839 --> 00:46:57,609
were just looking at in this little box

1147
00:47:04,829 --> 00:47:03,849
right here now we're back and since

1148
00:47:06,120 --> 00:47:04,839
we've been talking about multiple

1149
00:47:09,150 --> 00:47:06,130
wavelengths and multi-wavelength

1150
00:47:11,339 --> 00:47:09,160
astronomy let's back out and take a look

1151
00:47:14,579 --> 00:47:11,349
at it in this context when surrounded in

1152
00:47:18,589 --> 00:47:14,589
x-ray light so this is that same region

1153
00:47:21,359 --> 00:47:18,599
this is at a Carina now same color Khan

1154
00:47:23,549 --> 00:47:21,369
composite but now we've also overlaid it

1155
00:47:25,859 --> 00:47:23,559
with x-ray light and so the x-rays are

1156
00:47:27,809 --> 00:47:25,869
actually emitting sort of outside of

1157
00:47:32,010 --> 00:47:27,819
what we were looking at before this is

1158
00:47:35,160 --> 00:47:32,020
again it's hot gas and edit Carina the

1159
00:47:37,740 --> 00:47:35,170
Hubble image sits inside of that then we

1160
00:47:41,130 --> 00:47:37,750
can take that away you can see in three

1161
00:47:43,049 --> 00:47:41,140
color now that core there is really

1162
00:47:45,900 --> 00:47:43,059
high-energy x-ray it's blue light this

1163
00:47:47,670 --> 00:47:45,910
is a same kind of three color red green

1164
00:47:50,339 --> 00:47:47,680
and blue combination as I've been

1165
00:47:51,750 --> 00:47:50,349
talking about before so that core is

1166
00:47:53,250 --> 00:47:51,760
very highly energetic it's emitting a

1167
00:47:55,079 --> 00:47:53,260
lot of x-ray light and it's radiating

1168
00:47:58,380 --> 00:47:55,089
the surrounding material around it and

1169
00:48:04,049 --> 00:47:58,390
that's that's hot gas emitting x-rays

1170
00:48:06,150 --> 00:48:04,059
and at lower energies now let's shift

1171
00:48:07,740 --> 00:48:06,160
back down now we're looking in optical

1172
00:48:09,900 --> 00:48:07,750
light again this was a Hubble's

1173
00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:09,910
Anniversary image from last year 20th

1174
00:48:15,599 --> 00:48:12,010
anniversary image this is the Lagoon

1175
00:48:18,630 --> 00:48:15,609
Nebula or a Messier 8 and this is a

1176
00:48:19,980 --> 00:48:18,640
great example of Hubble's capabilities

1177
00:48:21,660 --> 00:48:19,990
as a multi wavelength observatory

1178
00:48:26,069 --> 00:48:21,670
because we also looked at it in infrared

1179
00:48:28,260 --> 00:48:26,079
light so that's the infrared view of

1180
00:48:29,940 --> 00:48:28,270
this same region of space when we look

1181
00:48:32,130 --> 00:48:29,950
at it in infrared we actually peer

1182
00:48:34,740 --> 00:48:32,140
through the dust and see the background

1183
00:48:36,660 --> 00:48:34,750
stars behind this nebula and only the

1184
00:48:40,140 --> 00:48:36,670
densest regions the densest clumps of

1185
00:48:45,510 --> 00:48:40,150
materials remain in infrared sort of

1186
00:48:47,819 --> 00:48:45,520
this ghostly glow of dust here and this

1187
00:48:49,200 --> 00:48:47,829
highlights the importance of the James

1188
00:48:51,200 --> 00:48:49,210
Webb Space Telescope

1189
00:48:54,690 --> 00:48:51,210
which will be launched in March of 2021

1190
00:48:55,829 --> 00:48:54,700
that is going to be an infrared

1191
00:48:56,849 --> 00:48:55,839
telescope looking at the universe and

1192
00:48:59,370 --> 00:48:56,859
infrared wavelengths

1193
00:49:02,790 --> 00:48:59,380
one of the main science drivers for the

1194
00:49:04,740 --> 00:49:02,800
Webb telescope is peering as far back as

1195
00:49:06,900 --> 00:49:04,750
possible to the farthest reaches of the

1196
00:49:09,180 --> 00:49:06,910
universe looking at the first galaxies

1197
00:49:11,309 --> 00:49:09,190
and the reason we need infrared to do

1198
00:49:12,900 --> 00:49:11,319
that is because those galaxies although

1199
00:49:15,809 --> 00:49:12,910
we look at them we look for certain

1200
00:49:18,420 --> 00:49:15,819
markers in optical wavelengths the

1201
00:49:20,849 --> 00:49:18,430
universe is expanding and its expansion

1202
00:49:23,250 --> 00:49:20,859
is accelerating and so the most distant

1203
00:49:24,630 --> 00:49:23,260
galaxies are emitting that light in

1204
00:49:26,819 --> 00:49:24,640
infrared wavelengths because they're

1205
00:49:28,530 --> 00:49:26,829
actually red shifted sort of like

1206
00:49:30,329 --> 00:49:28,540
Doppler shifting the light that's coming

1207
00:49:31,650 --> 00:49:30,339
out of them is being shifted into longer

1208
00:49:33,059 --> 00:49:31,660
and longer wavelengths and so the light

1209
00:49:34,920 --> 00:49:33,069
that we would typically look for to

1210
00:49:37,349 --> 00:49:34,930
study those galaxies has moved from

1211
00:49:39,480 --> 00:49:37,359
optical to infrared so now we need

1212
00:49:41,700 --> 00:49:39,490
something with Hubble's supervision that

1213
00:49:47,549 --> 00:49:41,710
can see an infrared and that's what the

1214
00:49:49,950 --> 00:49:47,559
James Webb Space Telescope will do so

1215
00:49:53,640 --> 00:49:49,960
what's it take home other than your

1216
00:49:56,880 --> 00:49:53,650
personal belongings light is more than

1217
00:50:00,000 --> 00:49:56,890
meets the eye it's information and it

1218
00:50:02,190 --> 00:50:00,010
surrounds us right now we are in a

1219
00:50:04,260 --> 00:50:02,200
golden age of astronomy we were looking

1220
00:50:06,480 --> 00:50:04,270
in every possible wavelength even beyond

1221
00:50:08,010 --> 00:50:06,490
the electromagnetic spectrum we now have

1222
00:50:09,809 --> 00:50:08,020
what's called multi messenger astronomy

1223
00:50:11,940 --> 00:50:09,819
we're understanding the universe in ways

1224
00:50:13,380 --> 00:50:11,950
we never thought possible gravitational

1225
00:50:17,280 --> 00:50:13,390
waves are giving us a new insight into

1226
00:50:19,710 --> 00:50:17,290
the universe light is the key to

1227
00:50:21,720 --> 00:50:19,720
understanding our universe and now I've

1228
00:50:23,390 --> 00:50:21,730
been talking about all these images the

1229
00:50:25,500 --> 00:50:23,400
way I've been applying color to them

1230
00:50:27,510 --> 00:50:25,510
specifically like the x-ray images you

1231
00:50:29,809 --> 00:50:27,520
may have heard the term false-color when

1232
00:50:34,460 --> 00:50:29,819
they're describing x-ray images right

1233
00:50:38,490 --> 00:50:34,470
don't listen to that false-color is bad

1234
00:50:40,829 --> 00:50:38,500
and that's the essence of the title

1235
00:50:43,609 --> 00:50:40,839
translating cosmic light is really about

1236
00:50:46,049 --> 00:50:43,619
the images and how they're created

1237
00:50:48,450 --> 00:50:46,059
translated or representational color is

1238
00:50:51,270 --> 00:50:48,460
the preferred nomenclature when

1239
00:50:52,920 --> 00:50:51,280
discussing these kinds of images the the

1240
00:50:54,539 --> 00:50:52,930
term false-color just perpetuates this

1241
00:50:56,130 --> 00:50:54,549
idea that the images are somehow fake

1242
00:50:59,609 --> 00:50:56,140
and we're making it up that it's not

1243
00:51:01,680 --> 00:50:59,619
real translated color is really what

1244
00:51:03,130 --> 00:51:01,690
we're doing we're taking stuff that like

1245
00:51:04,780 --> 00:51:03,140
that we can't see with our eyes and

1246
00:51:07,810 --> 00:51:04,790
leading it into something that we can

1247
00:51:08,860 --> 00:51:07,820
see and understand with our eyes and so

1248
00:51:13,300 --> 00:51:08,870
for more information

1249
00:51:14,980 --> 00:51:13,310
oh I need that leave this line Hubble

1250
00:51:17,530 --> 00:51:14,990
say doesn't look like this anymore but

1251
00:51:20,950 --> 00:51:17,540
this is where you can go for all latest

1252
00:51:23,020 --> 00:51:20,960
Hubble news and I also run a blog and

1253
00:51:25,600 --> 00:51:23,030
Frank also contributes to the blog

1254
00:51:28,510 --> 00:51:25,610
called illuminated universe where we

1255
00:51:29,530 --> 00:51:28,520
take a behind-the-scenes look at a lot

1256
00:51:31,180 --> 00:51:29,540
of like what I've been talking about

1257
00:51:33,430 --> 00:51:31,190
tonight sort of how the images come

1258
00:51:35,080 --> 00:51:33,440
about how they're created a lot of times

1259
00:51:37,960 --> 00:51:35,090
we make editorial decisions in our news

1260
00:51:39,460 --> 00:51:37,970
meetings where we've created certain

1261
00:51:41,260 --> 00:51:39,470
products that just don't fit the story

1262
00:51:43,810 --> 00:51:41,270
that we're trying to tell for that

1263
00:51:45,310 --> 00:51:43,820
particular press release but this gives

1264
00:51:47,470 --> 00:51:45,320
us an opportunity to put that

1265
00:51:49,390 --> 00:51:47,480
information out there as well there are

1266
00:51:51,460 --> 00:51:49,400
images that I've created that don't have

1267
00:51:55,300 --> 00:51:51,470
a home so eliminate universes where they

1268
00:51:58,330 --> 00:51:55,310
go and I hope you've enjoyed taking a

1269
00:52:00,880 --> 00:51:58,340
look at illuminate yours thanks I'll be

1270
00:52:20,340 --> 00:52:09,230
[Applause]

1271
00:52:21,480 --> 00:52:20,350
thank you hold up you gotta say it into

1272
00:52:23,060 --> 00:52:21,490
the Mike we have an online audience

1273
00:52:26,070 --> 00:52:23,070
ready

1274
00:52:29,490 --> 00:52:26,080
there's no web telescope is it only

1275
00:52:33,210 --> 00:52:29,500
infrared yes only infrared infrared

1276
00:52:34,770 --> 00:52:33,220
there okay yeah it overlaps a little bit

1277
00:52:36,960 --> 00:52:34,780
with what Hubble does because Hubble

1278
00:52:57,240 --> 00:52:36,970
goes out to infrared as well but it's a

1279
00:52:59,400 --> 00:52:57,250
it's an infrared telescope yeah so in

1280
00:53:01,650 --> 00:52:59,410
some images like would you prioritize

1281
00:53:04,710 --> 00:53:01,660
like a certain group of data more than

1282
00:53:05,940 --> 00:53:04,720
the others like if x-ray showed more of

1283
00:53:13,440 --> 00:53:05,950
what you were trying to get it and that

1284
00:53:15,360 --> 00:53:13,450
image would be like yes

1285
00:53:18,690 --> 00:53:15,370
so that eyes that has come up in the

1286
00:53:20,220 --> 00:53:18,700
past where the x-rays are telling a

1287
00:53:21,900 --> 00:53:20,230
certain story and actually what really

1288
00:53:22,680 --> 00:53:21,910
happens is sometimes when we're

1289
00:53:23,970 --> 00:53:22,690
combining all these different

1290
00:53:25,710 --> 00:53:23,980
wavelengths together we run into a

1291
00:53:27,570 --> 00:53:25,720
situation where we're over saturating

1292
00:53:30,540 --> 00:53:27,580
certain areas of the image and in those

1293
00:53:33,030 --> 00:53:30,550
cases I do I will take some some

1294
00:53:34,860 --> 00:53:33,040
liberties with adjusting the levels of

1295
00:53:36,890 --> 00:53:34,870
different components of the image so

1296
00:53:39,750 --> 00:53:36,900
that you can see everything that's there

1297
00:53:42,990 --> 00:53:39,760
yeah and you know I like what you should

1298
00:53:45,630 --> 00:53:43,000
cafe here where you know Hubble is good

1299
00:53:51,090 --> 00:53:45,640
in cafe but the x-rays are amazing in

1300
00:53:52,770 --> 00:53:51,100
gas a right that's so the it sometimes

1301
00:53:54,420 --> 00:53:52,780
when you give talks to public audiences

1302
00:53:56,010 --> 00:53:54,430
they're kind of surprised that you know

1303
00:53:58,530 --> 00:53:56,020
Hubble doesn't always have the most

1304
00:54:00,060 --> 00:53:58,540
beautiful image of an object right if

1305
00:54:01,980 --> 00:54:00,070
you go to other wavelengths you actually

1306
00:54:07,890 --> 00:54:01,990
see a lot more interest interesting

1307
00:54:10,770 --> 00:54:07,900
structure yeah in your experience what

1308
00:54:13,650 --> 00:54:10,780
has been the most remarkable discovery

1309
00:54:16,080 --> 00:54:13,660
in contrast to a hypothesis that you

1310
00:54:20,109 --> 00:54:16,090
have made when you have actually looked

1311
00:54:23,859 --> 00:54:20,119
at it in terms of different

1312
00:54:26,650 --> 00:54:23,869
I'm sure there but what's the most what

1313
00:54:27,999 --> 00:54:26,660
has blown you away the most I would say

1314
00:54:30,579 --> 00:54:28,009
that that Crab Nebula image that I

1315
00:54:35,759 --> 00:54:30,589
showed that really blew me away when I

1316
00:54:41,709 --> 00:54:39,640
that yeah when I put it all together and

1317
00:54:44,589 --> 00:54:41,719
that showed up on the screen I just was

1318
00:54:46,059 --> 00:54:44,599
like in shock because I you know working

1319
00:54:48,370 --> 00:54:46,069
with the Chandra x-ray Observatory for

1320
00:54:53,319 --> 00:54:48,380
15 years I had seen the Crab Nebula many

1321
00:54:55,059 --> 00:54:53,329
many times and I always saw that that

1322
00:54:56,650 --> 00:54:55,069
was my view of the Crab Nebula and then

1323
00:54:58,839 --> 00:54:56,660
of course there was this amazing Hubble

1324
00:55:01,150 --> 00:54:58,849
image of the crab but seeing everything

1325
00:55:02,380 --> 00:55:01,160
from radio to x-ray all together in one

1326
00:55:05,559 --> 00:55:02,390
image just blew my mind

1327
00:55:07,390 --> 00:55:05,569
and as a scientist how much of a rush is

1328
00:55:12,029 --> 00:55:07,400
that I mean how many nights did you say

1329
00:55:17,410 --> 00:55:15,009
we sometimes you know will admit that

1330
00:55:20,499 --> 00:55:17,420
yeah we do have a fun job yeah thank

1331
00:55:23,499 --> 00:55:20,509
Frank and I geeked out a lot I said we

1332
00:55:26,739 --> 00:55:23,509
have a question online which is sort of

1333
00:55:29,650 --> 00:55:26,749
the same it says which is his favourite

1334
00:55:31,269 --> 00:55:29,660
Hubble photo and I guess you could also

1335
00:55:33,160 --> 00:55:31,279
include Chandra in there to send you

1336
00:55:35,439 --> 00:55:33,170
you've worked Chandra more years and

1337
00:55:39,429 --> 00:55:35,449
you've worked robble I have but you know

1338
00:55:40,929 --> 00:55:39,439
since I've been with Hubble the Lagoon

1339
00:55:42,759 --> 00:55:40,939
Nebula is definitely my favorite image

1340
00:55:46,539 --> 00:55:42,769
so far and I've been here for two years

1341
00:55:48,429 --> 00:55:46,549
now and again seeing this materialize on

1342
00:55:51,069 --> 00:55:48,439
my desktop as I was working on it was

1343
00:55:59,289 --> 00:55:51,079
just a rush like like the Crab Nebula

1344
00:56:01,870 --> 00:55:59,299
yeah it was just amazing experience what

1345
00:56:05,349 --> 00:56:01,880
is the best way to make take a picture

1346
00:56:10,469 --> 00:56:05,359
of the Milky Way the best way to take a

1347
00:56:12,759 --> 00:56:10,479
picture of the Milky Way all sky yeah

1348
00:56:14,229 --> 00:56:12,769
probably what that that guy that I was

1349
00:56:15,640 --> 00:56:14,239
talking about Nick Risinger who

1350
00:56:17,289 --> 00:56:15,650
travelled the world to take a picture of

1351
00:56:18,699 --> 00:56:17,299
the Milky Way because that's the only

1352
00:56:20,769 --> 00:56:18,709
way you can take a picture of the entire

1353
00:56:21,579 --> 00:56:20,779
Milky Way because if you're you know if

1354
00:56:23,049 --> 00:56:21,589
you're only in the Northern Hemisphere

1355
00:56:25,539 --> 00:56:23,059
you're only gonna see a certain portion

1356
00:56:27,789 --> 00:56:25,549
of it so being able to travel the world

1357
00:56:31,330 --> 00:56:27,799
and get the whole view that's that's the

1358
00:56:41,230 --> 00:56:31,340
best way to do it it's very expensive

1359
00:56:43,660 --> 00:56:41,240
Oh what's the farthest object that the

1360
00:56:45,910 --> 00:56:43,670
Hubble Space Telescope has ever like

1361
00:56:50,080 --> 00:56:45,920
seen and would the James Webb telescope

1362
00:56:51,490 --> 00:56:50,090
be able to see farther yes the farthest

1363
00:56:53,740 --> 00:56:51,500
object Hubble has seen was thirteen

1364
00:56:56,650 --> 00:56:53,750
point four billion light years away

1365
00:56:59,920 --> 00:56:56,660
I believe thirteen point two round 13

1366
00:57:01,750 --> 00:56:59,930
billion thirteen it's kind of you know

1367
00:57:05,050 --> 00:57:01,760
our uncertainty grows when we get to

1368
00:57:06,760 --> 00:57:05,060
that level but yes yeah but that so for

1369
00:57:10,120 --> 00:57:06,770
Hubble that is just like a faint red

1370
00:57:13,390 --> 00:57:10,130
smudge in an image Webb will be able to

1371
00:57:16,540 --> 00:57:13,400
resolve more detail out of that not a

1372
00:57:18,970 --> 00:57:16,550
lot of details but yeah I mean we talked

1373
00:57:21,070 --> 00:57:18,980
about generosity we often talk about

1374
00:57:24,100 --> 00:57:21,080
probing the first billion years of

1375
00:57:26,740 --> 00:57:24,110
cosmic history and that by looking into

1376
00:57:30,100 --> 00:57:26,750
the infrared we will see things at just

1377
00:57:33,310 --> 00:57:30,110
slightly larger red shifts so we will be

1378
00:57:36,070 --> 00:57:33,320
able to see things into you know almost

1379
00:57:38,320 --> 00:57:36,080
- the first galaxies that form right

1380
00:57:40,750 --> 00:57:38,330
we're trying we're seeing you know

1381
00:57:44,140 --> 00:57:40,760
toddler galaxies we want to see the baby

1382
00:57:46,660 --> 00:57:44,150
galaxies okay and that's really the

1383
00:57:49,060 --> 00:57:46,670
promise of looking into the infrared is

1384
00:57:51,160 --> 00:57:49,070
we will be able to see that light which

1385
00:57:53,950 --> 00:57:51,170
gets red shifted all the way into the

1386
00:58:02,140 --> 00:57:53,960
mid infrared yeah so Webb will be able

1387
00:58:05,770 --> 00:58:02,150
to see further billion billion yes are

1388
00:58:09,070 --> 00:58:05,780
you able to pull up really quick the

1389
00:58:11,970 --> 00:58:09,080
pink of the deep field the Hubble Deep

1390
00:58:14,830 --> 00:58:11,980
Field yes because this my question goes

1391
00:58:20,860 --> 00:58:14,840
right along with what the last question

1392
00:58:24,280 --> 00:58:20,870
was yes so somewhere in there is the red

1393
00:58:26,890 --> 00:58:24,290
dot that science has told us that's the

1394
00:58:29,740 --> 00:58:26,900
farthest galaxy that we can see out of

1395
00:58:32,410 --> 00:58:29,750
that picture if you can go back to it

1396
00:58:35,020 --> 00:58:32,420
again out of that picture how does

1397
00:58:37,420 --> 00:58:35,030
science determine that's it that's the

1398
00:58:40,180 --> 00:58:37,430
oldest thing that we've seen how are you

1399
00:58:43,120 --> 00:58:40,190
able to determine that so when we take

1400
00:58:44,750 --> 00:58:43,130
these datasets it does make a beautiful

1401
00:58:46,670 --> 00:58:44,760
image but there's also

1402
00:58:48,530 --> 00:58:46,680
more data there than just the image

1403
00:58:51,230 --> 00:58:48,540
there's spectroscopy and we're able to

1404
00:58:53,270 --> 00:58:51,240
do spectroscopic redshift studies of the

1405
00:58:54,800 --> 00:58:53,280
galaxies from the image so we can

1406
00:58:56,600 --> 00:58:54,810
actually pull out

1407
00:58:58,310 --> 00:58:56,610
we call them postage stamp images we

1408
00:58:59,600 --> 00:58:58,320
actually have software that we'll go

1409
00:59:01,610 --> 00:58:59,610
through with the image and analyze it

1410
00:59:04,730 --> 00:59:01,620
and pull out each individual galaxy and

1411
00:59:06,860 --> 00:59:04,740
create a little image of that and from

1412
00:59:09,170 --> 00:59:06,870
that image be able to determine the

1413
00:59:11,240 --> 00:59:09,180
redshift of that galaxy basically that

1414
00:59:12,890 --> 00:59:11,250
gives you a distance estimate for it and

1415
00:59:16,040 --> 00:59:12,900
so when you look through this image that

1416
00:59:20,270 --> 00:59:16,050
way in that method that red dot becomes

1417
00:59:21,980 --> 00:59:20,280
the farthest object I think so but I'm

1418
00:59:23,900 --> 00:59:21,990
probably not gonna be able to see it

1419
00:59:26,000 --> 00:59:23,910
yeah and this is the one with the

1420
00:59:27,710 --> 00:59:26,010
ultraviolet added to it so it's hard to

1421
00:59:32,360 --> 00:59:27,720
pick out the the red dots in this

1422
00:59:35,210 --> 00:59:32,370
version of it right okay we get a

1423
00:59:37,250 --> 00:59:35,220
question from online that says how long

1424
00:59:39,110 --> 00:59:37,260
does it take for you to prepare one of

1425
00:59:41,900 --> 00:59:39,120
these images I believe that's right

1426
00:59:44,020 --> 00:59:41,910
there that's one of them yeah how long

1427
00:59:46,790 --> 00:59:44,030
does it take yeah that's a good question

1428
00:59:47,480 --> 00:59:46,800
some of these images can take I can do

1429
00:59:49,820 --> 00:59:47,490
it in an afternoon

1430
00:59:51,440 --> 00:59:49,830
some can take a week to a few weeks

1431
00:59:52,550 --> 00:59:51,450
depends on the complexity of the data

1432
00:59:54,530 --> 00:59:52,560
set

1433
00:59:56,330 --> 00:59:54,540
a lot of Hubble's like really famous

1434
00:59:58,540 --> 00:59:56,340
images are actually mosaics which means

1435
01:00:00,770 --> 00:59:58,550
Hubble goes and takes multiple images

1436
01:00:03,830 --> 01:00:00,780
and stitches them together

1437
01:00:05,960 --> 01:00:03,840
well I stitch them together and those

1438
01:00:08,330 --> 01:00:05,970
ones take a lot more work there's a lot

1439
01:00:11,390 --> 01:00:08,340
more pre-processing to get the mosaic

1440
01:00:12,680 --> 01:00:11,400
image looking nice and then putting it

1441
01:00:14,380 --> 01:00:12,690
all together it becomes a very

1442
01:00:17,990 --> 01:00:14,390
computationally intensive thing as well

1443
01:00:19,370 --> 01:00:18,000
because these images are like billions

1444
01:00:21,440 --> 01:00:19,380
well not billions but millions of pixels

1445
01:00:23,120 --> 01:00:21,450
across and you end up getting Photoshop

1446
01:00:24,470 --> 01:00:23,130
files that are like 10 gigabytes in size

1447
01:00:27,380 --> 01:00:24,480
and it just takes a long time to deal

1448
01:00:32,330 --> 01:00:27,390
with them so yeah there's a big range

1449
01:00:35,180 --> 01:00:32,340
and the time it takes you mentioned

1450
01:00:36,770 --> 01:00:35,190
images being north up and I was I mean I

1451
01:00:41,840 --> 01:00:36,780
think of North in reference to our polls

1452
01:00:43,310 --> 01:00:41,850
how is North oriented in space imagine

1453
01:00:45,440 --> 01:00:43,320
taking latitude and longitude of Earth

1454
01:00:47,180 --> 01:00:45,450
and just extending it out into space and

1455
01:00:50,000 --> 01:00:47,190
it becomes right Ascension and

1456
01:00:52,220 --> 01:00:50,010
declination and there is a north and

1457
01:00:54,530 --> 01:00:52,230
south to that and so in yeah if the

1458
01:00:56,500 --> 01:00:54,540
images that are north upper yeah it's

1459
01:00:58,700 --> 01:00:56,510
but if you're in the southern hemisphere

1460
01:01:00,859 --> 01:00:58,710
your natural orientation

1461
01:01:02,690 --> 01:01:00,869
be south up because everything abroad

1462
01:01:04,640 --> 01:01:02,700
rotates around the southern celestial

1463
01:01:06,410 --> 01:01:04,650
Pole versus here everything rotates

1464
01:01:08,510 --> 01:01:06,420
around the northern celestial Pole right

1465
01:01:22,849 --> 01:01:08,520
see there's no up or down yeah there is

1466
01:01:24,589 --> 01:01:22,859
no up or down based on your formation of

1467
01:01:28,370 --> 01:01:24,599
these images where you consider yourself

1468
01:01:34,820 --> 01:01:28,380
an artist or a scientist that's a great

1469
01:01:36,470 --> 01:01:34,830
answer is yes right both I feel like I

1470
01:01:38,570 --> 01:01:36,480
get to exercise both halves of my brain

1471
01:01:40,400 --> 01:01:38,580
when I work on an image because there is

1472
01:01:42,530 --> 01:01:40,410
a scientific aspect to it there's the

1473
01:01:45,200 --> 01:01:42,540
data preparation the pre-processing and

1474
01:01:47,150 --> 01:01:45,210
and then also as I'm processing and

1475
01:01:49,190 --> 01:01:47,160
moving into the realm of art I'm also

1476
01:01:50,870 --> 01:01:49,200
keeping in mind this story that's gonna

1477
01:01:52,430 --> 01:01:50,880
be associated with this image because

1478
01:01:53,599 --> 01:01:52,440
every image has to tell a story it has

1479
01:01:55,550 --> 01:01:53,609
to be a part of a press release that's

1480
01:01:57,230 --> 01:01:55,560
telling a story like that edit kareena

1481
01:01:59,540 --> 01:01:57,240
image the blue data there that's that's

1482
01:02:00,710 --> 01:01:59,550
the key to that image and so when I was

1483
01:02:08,630 --> 01:02:00,720
processing and I was keeping that in

1484
01:02:10,849 --> 01:02:08,640
mind as anyway grant we have question in

1485
01:02:12,380 --> 01:02:10,859
the center as well so so you mentioned

1486
01:02:14,660 --> 01:02:12,390
there's a wide dynamic range on the

1487
01:02:20,390 --> 01:02:14,670
sensors themselves actually how wide is

1488
01:02:24,890 --> 01:02:20,400
it like zero - there are 32-bit images

1489
01:02:28,760 --> 01:02:24,900
yeah so yeah but the the detectors the

1490
01:02:32,089 --> 01:02:28,770
original detectors were only like 65,000

1491
01:02:35,810 --> 01:02:32,099
six-letter over that yeah yeah for some

1492
01:02:40,339 --> 01:02:35,820
of them but I've been on the web it's

1493
01:02:43,790 --> 01:02:40,349
it's it's yeah it's the CCD charge count

1494
01:02:45,710 --> 01:02:43,800
of this of the detectors which I was in

1495
01:02:47,120 --> 01:02:45,720
the tens of thousands for the original

1496
01:02:51,740 --> 01:02:47,130
Hubble images I don't know what the

1497
01:02:53,450 --> 01:02:51,750
current stuff is I know that fits files

1498
01:03:01,310 --> 01:02:53,460
that you download from master usually

1499
01:03:05,300 --> 01:03:03,950
I was wondering if you could explain

1500
01:03:08,990 --> 01:03:05,310
more

1501
01:03:11,480 --> 01:03:09,000
when we get around to creating the W

1502
01:03:13,790 --> 01:03:11,490
first telescope after James who have I

1503
01:03:16,010 --> 01:03:13,800
know I'm jumping the gun well w first

1504
01:03:19,310 --> 01:03:16,020
which has a huge field if you will that

1505
01:03:22,400 --> 01:03:19,320
make your job easier and how will we

1506
01:03:25,220 --> 01:03:22,410
ever process I mean must be huge banks

1507
01:03:28,430 --> 01:03:25,230
of data and that's I guess that's a

1508
01:03:30,230 --> 01:03:28,440
problem they'll be resolving as time

1509
01:03:34,100 --> 01:03:30,240
goes on but how will that affect your

1510
01:03:39,200 --> 01:03:34,110
job pull up that that's future Joe's

1511
01:03:42,350 --> 01:03:39,210
problem but you're right the W first

1512
01:03:44,030 --> 01:03:42,360
telescope is it's an infrared telescope

1513
01:03:46,070 --> 01:03:44,040
that has a field of view that's a

1514
01:03:47,300 --> 01:03:46,080
hundred times that of Hubble's so every

1515
01:03:50,570 --> 01:03:47,310
image that it takes will be a hundred

1516
01:03:52,250 --> 01:03:50,580
Hubble's essentially so every time I

1517
01:03:55,880 --> 01:03:52,260
deal with one of those images it's gonna

1518
01:03:58,160 --> 01:03:55,890
be a huge mosaic multi-gigabyte image

1519
01:04:00,280 --> 01:03:58,170
file so it's gonna be a real challenge

1520
01:04:02,690 --> 01:04:00,290
and we're kind of working with the

1521
01:04:03,980 --> 01:04:02,700
instrument teams to figure out how we'll

1522
01:04:06,740 --> 01:04:03,990
actually deal with the volume of data

1523
01:04:08,600 --> 01:04:06,750
like that it may actually end up being a

1524
01:04:11,240 --> 01:04:08,610
cloud computing that we do for that

1525
01:04:13,370 --> 01:04:11,250
right I mean this is a thing in a lot of

1526
01:04:15,830 --> 01:04:13,380
astronomy we're getting these very large

1527
01:04:20,300 --> 01:04:15,840
surveys the dark energy camera that is

1528
01:04:22,430 --> 01:04:20,310
like 520 million pixels per image 520

1529
01:04:24,680 --> 01:04:22,440
million pixels per image okay

1530
01:04:27,620 --> 01:04:24,690
these are getting to be more and more

1531
01:04:29,390 --> 01:04:27,630
common in astronomy we're gonna the LSST

1532
01:04:31,070 --> 01:04:29,400
which is going to take you know

1533
01:04:33,260 --> 01:04:31,080
petabytes a night or something like that

1534
01:04:38,870 --> 01:04:33,270
I don't know it just all sky's images

1535
01:04:40,940 --> 01:04:38,880
okay data processing is a huge thing so

1536
01:04:44,510 --> 01:04:40,950
all of you young kids that that are out

1537
01:04:46,610 --> 01:04:44,520
here thinking you know data processing

1538
01:04:49,520 --> 01:04:46,620
and data analytics it's a huge

1539
01:04:51,230 --> 01:04:49,530
burgeoning field because it's not just

1540
01:04:54,200 --> 01:04:51,240
an astronomer where we have way too much

1541
01:05:07,840 --> 01:04:54,210
data to deal with we're developing it

1542
01:05:10,430 --> 01:05:07,850
all over and yeah it's gonna be fun hi

1543
01:05:12,350 --> 01:05:10,440
so it's my understanding like with the

1544
01:05:15,920 --> 01:05:12,360
Hubble it's like looking at a really

1545
01:05:17,740 --> 01:05:15,930
small portion of the sky but just

1546
01:05:22,180 --> 01:05:17,750
looking very deep

1547
01:05:24,940 --> 01:05:22,190
yes that is that correct so are there I

1548
01:05:26,500 --> 01:05:24,950
guess do you does it ever get used to

1549
01:05:29,470 --> 01:05:26,510
look at things that are closer or are

1550
01:05:33,250 --> 01:05:29,480
there just other telescopes that look

1551
01:05:35,440 --> 01:05:33,260
like can we look at Pluto very you know

1552
01:05:37,599 --> 01:05:35,450
get a very good view of Pluto which is

1553
01:05:40,750 --> 01:05:37,609
much closer than like this stuff you're

1554
01:05:43,599 --> 01:05:40,760
showing right like in order to and like

1555
01:05:46,960 --> 01:05:43,609
can we are there telescopes like that

1556
01:05:50,050 --> 01:05:46,970
and do we ever look at like other solar

1557
01:05:52,060 --> 01:05:50,060
systems to compare to ours and kind of

1558
01:05:55,570 --> 01:05:52,070
see planetary movement and that kind of

1559
01:05:57,460 --> 01:05:55,580
thing I guess that's my general question

1560
01:05:59,920 --> 01:05:57,470
okay so this is actually a Hubble image

1561
01:06:02,230 --> 01:05:59,930
of Jupiter here taken two years ago so

1562
01:06:04,510 --> 01:06:02,240
Hubble does look at nearby objects as

1563
01:06:06,160 --> 01:06:04,520
well and you're right about the the the

1564
01:06:09,070 --> 01:06:06,170
size it's equivalent to looking through

1565
01:06:11,200 --> 01:06:09,080
the eye of Eisenhower on a dime held at

1566
01:06:13,750 --> 01:06:11,210
arm's length that's roughly the field of

1567
01:06:17,470 --> 01:06:13,760
view Hubble yeah it's like 112 millionth

1568
01:06:19,900 --> 01:06:17,480
of the entire night sky okay one part in

1569
01:06:24,070 --> 01:06:19,910
12 million Frank has a really great blog

1570
01:06:26,589 --> 01:06:24,080
post on the universe about angular

1571
01:06:28,540 --> 01:06:26,599
resolution and why Hubble can take an

1572
01:06:30,849 --> 01:06:28,550
image of Pluto but it doesn't look very

1573
01:06:33,520 --> 01:06:30,859
good because Pluto is a very small

1574
01:06:36,250 --> 01:06:33,530
object and it's relatively distant in

1575
01:06:37,570 --> 01:06:36,260
terms of or Hubble's looking a galaxy

1576
01:06:39,670 --> 01:06:37,580
like the Whirlpool Galaxy is just

1577
01:06:41,620 --> 01:06:39,680
enormous hundreds of thousands of light

1578
01:06:43,180 --> 01:06:41,630
years all right not quite that big but

1579
01:06:44,380 --> 01:06:43,190
like sixty-five thousand light years

1580
01:06:46,599 --> 01:06:44,390
five thousand light years across

1581
01:06:48,280 --> 01:06:46,609
so it's something enormous you can see a

1582
01:06:53,010 --> 01:06:48,290
lot of detail with that with Hubble

1583
01:06:59,490 --> 01:06:56,109
which part of the electric medics read

1584
01:07:04,690 --> 01:06:59,500
from do you think takes the best images

1585
01:07:08,170 --> 01:07:04,700
of course now that's a very subjective

1586
01:07:10,540 --> 01:07:08,180
question I mean I think as humans we're

1587
01:07:15,520 --> 01:07:10,550
used to the visible light so we're gonna

1588
01:07:18,690 --> 01:07:15,530
favor that but I gotta say that I would

1589
01:07:21,910 --> 01:07:18,700
love to see more work on radio images

1590
01:07:24,190 --> 01:07:21,920
because radio images you need to take

1591
01:07:26,680 --> 01:07:24,200
like the VLA in several different

1592
01:07:28,650 --> 01:07:26,690
configurations to get the detail but

1593
01:07:31,240 --> 01:07:28,660
radio images and have incredibly

1594
01:07:34,839 --> 01:07:31,250
incredible micro arc second

1595
01:07:36,730 --> 01:07:34,849
detail that Hubble can't have and so

1596
01:07:39,130 --> 01:07:36,740
some of the radio images when they take

1597
01:07:42,250 --> 01:07:39,140
the time to actually process them are

1598
01:07:44,440 --> 01:07:42,260
really cool like the black hole in EM 87

1599
01:07:48,430 --> 01:07:44,450
yeah yeah

1600
01:07:49,900 --> 01:07:48,440
so radio has a lot of potential I don't

1601
01:07:54,370 --> 01:07:49,910
think has been exploited enough by the

1602
01:07:56,890 --> 01:07:54,380
radio community I have a question

1603
01:08:00,760 --> 01:07:56,900
actually about the lithograph for both

1604
01:08:03,520 --> 01:08:00,770
of these is the ring nebula sort of what

1605
01:08:07,060 --> 01:08:03,530
may be happening with our Sun and about

1606
01:08:10,960 --> 01:08:07,070
eight billion years or is this a sort of

1607
01:08:13,030 --> 01:08:10,970
thing will be going on with our son yeah

1608
01:08:15,849 --> 01:08:13,040
let's see it's gonna puff up and cast

1609
01:08:17,349 --> 01:08:15,859
off material into space it's not quite

1610
01:08:21,160 --> 01:08:17,359
massive enough to do much more than that

1611
01:08:24,249 --> 01:08:21,170
it'll just sort of peter out I don't

1612
01:08:25,570 --> 01:08:24,259
know what do you think yeah the or the

1613
01:08:27,789 --> 01:08:25,580
textbook answer that you will get

1614
01:08:29,979 --> 01:08:27,799
normally from an astronomy 101 class is

1615
01:08:32,680 --> 01:08:29,989
yes our Sun will go off and die by being

1616
01:08:36,789 --> 01:08:32,690
a planetary nebula the research level

1617
01:08:39,670 --> 01:08:36,799
answer is probably not quite as pretty

1618
01:08:41,950 --> 01:08:39,680
as the ring nebula because it looks like

1619
01:08:43,809 --> 01:08:41,960
you need about one and a half to two

1620
01:08:46,780 --> 01:08:43,819
solar masses to really blow off a

1621
01:08:48,490 --> 01:08:46,790
planetary nebula that's you know still

1622
01:08:51,249 --> 01:08:48,500
uncertain right now it's still subject

1623
01:08:52,840 --> 01:08:51,259
to research but the folks I've talked to

1624
01:08:55,780 --> 01:08:52,850
say yeah the sun's not going to go

1625
01:08:58,930 --> 01:08:55,790
planetary like that it'll it'll still

1626
01:09:06,550 --> 01:08:58,940
have mass loss but it won't be a nice

1627
01:09:09,789 --> 01:09:06,560
beautiful nebula so about how many

1628
01:09:15,280 --> 01:09:09,799
galaxies was Hubble able to identify

1629
01:09:17,680 --> 01:09:15,290
since its launch since launch well let's

1630
01:09:19,690 --> 01:09:17,690
see let's just take yeah the candles

1631
01:09:21,579 --> 01:09:19,700
alright yeah take the candles field so

1632
01:09:24,370 --> 01:09:21,589
this one Deep Field image that we've

1633
01:09:26,410 --> 01:09:24,380
done with Hubble had what's 65 thousand

1634
01:09:28,620 --> 01:09:26,420
galaxies in it I think yeah and that's

1635
01:09:30,970 --> 01:09:28,630
just one image it's one very deep image

1636
01:09:36,970 --> 01:09:30,980
no I'm talking about like naming them

1637
01:09:40,809 --> 01:09:36,980
actually we don't name them yeah big if

1638
01:09:43,570 --> 01:09:40,819
they get catalog numbers yeah okay yeah

1639
01:09:44,890 --> 01:09:43,580
so if you're in the Hubble Deep Field

1640
01:09:47,110 --> 01:09:44,900
you'd be HD

1641
01:09:49,570 --> 01:09:47,120
and then it'd be your RA in your deck as

1642
01:09:52,750 --> 01:09:49,580
your as your catalog name unless there's

1643
01:09:54,460 --> 01:09:52,760
a specific reason I mean what the Sloan

1644
01:09:57,610 --> 01:09:54,470
Digital Sky Survey has how many millions

1645
01:09:59,320 --> 01:09:57,620
of galaxies in it yeah I mean when you

1646
01:10:00,040 --> 01:09:59,330
get up to millions and such you can't

1647
01:10:03,700 --> 01:10:00,050
name them

1648
01:10:15,100 --> 01:10:03,710
Jeff and Fred no justice gets a little

1649
01:10:16,540 --> 01:10:15,110
full tiresome to try and do that how did

1650
01:10:19,540 --> 01:10:16,550
you say that this is what you want do

1651
01:10:21,610 --> 01:10:19,550
for your for a living like editing and

1652
01:10:24,850 --> 01:10:21,620
taking these pictures and processing

1653
01:10:25,660 --> 01:10:24,860
them oh yeah good question I always

1654
01:10:27,940 --> 01:10:25,670
loved astronomy

1655
01:10:31,720 --> 01:10:27,950
as a kid growing up I just like was

1656
01:10:33,220 --> 01:10:31,730
fascinated with the Stars and then when

1657
01:10:34,360 --> 01:10:33,230
I went to college I studied astronomy

1658
01:10:36,430 --> 01:10:34,370
and astrophysics and I thought I was

1659
01:10:38,190 --> 01:10:36,440
gonna go the PhD were out and sort of

1660
01:10:40,630 --> 01:10:38,200
you know become a professor or something

1661
01:10:43,120 --> 01:10:40,640
but after I graduate from undergrad I

1662
01:10:46,870 --> 01:10:43,130
was doing research work when I was at

1663
01:10:48,520 --> 01:10:46,880
Chandra I was doing calibration and

1664
01:10:51,160 --> 01:10:48,530
instrument operations for the Chandra

1665
01:10:53,800 --> 01:10:51,170
telescope and I loved that work but it

1666
01:10:55,720 --> 01:10:53,810
wasn't it just didn't it wasn't my

1667
01:10:57,910 --> 01:10:55,730
calling I think and I always had this

1668
01:11:00,310 --> 01:10:57,920
sort of artistic side I did painting I'm

1669
01:11:03,700 --> 01:11:00,320
a musician I wanted to engage that as

1670
01:11:05,170 --> 01:11:03,710
well as as a part of my career and so an

1671
01:11:08,170 --> 01:11:05,180
opportunity arose when I was at Chandra

1672
01:11:10,420 --> 01:11:08,180
to do image processing for public

1673
01:11:12,670 --> 01:11:10,430
outreach and I jumped on it and then

1674
01:11:15,160 --> 01:11:12,680
through that my experience there with

1675
01:11:16,720 --> 01:11:15,170
eight years sort of made connections

1676
01:11:20,680 --> 01:11:16,730
with people at Space Telescope and then

1677
01:11:22,180 --> 01:11:20,690
was able to come down here so is it was

1678
01:11:23,800 --> 01:11:22,190
always there and it was just being able

1679
01:11:30,250 --> 01:11:23,810
to figure out the path to get everything

1680
01:11:32,140 --> 01:11:30,260
together in the same job yeah and since

1681
01:11:35,560 --> 01:11:32,150
we have a bunch of the cty students here

1682
01:11:39,550 --> 01:11:35,570
today sometimes they call CT why geek

1683
01:11:42,400 --> 01:11:39,560
camp right okay you think your geeks you

1684
01:11:44,200 --> 01:11:42,410
can also be artistic okay Joe and I are

1685
01:11:45,610 --> 01:11:44,210
two people who get to do some really

1686
01:11:48,520 --> 01:11:45,620
geeky stuff with the Hubble Space

1687
01:11:51,160 --> 01:11:48,530
Telescope but we've worked on IMAX films

1688
01:11:53,260 --> 01:11:51,170
together okay we get to work on movies

1689
01:11:55,030 --> 01:11:53,270
and visualizations and artistic things

1690
01:11:57,340 --> 01:11:55,040
we get to work with and field who's a

1691
01:11:58,660 --> 01:11:57,350
wonderful artist we get to work with you

1692
01:12:00,940 --> 01:11:58,670
know writers and

1693
01:12:03,730 --> 01:12:00,950
and everything you can bow you can

1694
01:12:06,460 --> 01:12:03,740
satisfy both your artistic side as well

1695
01:12:08,830 --> 01:12:06,470
as your scientific side in your career

1696
01:12:10,810 --> 01:12:08,840
so don't do not limit yourself okay I

1697
01:12:12,850 --> 01:12:10,820
always like to tell the kids that

1698
01:12:14,650 --> 01:12:12,860
because you know don't think you have to

1699
01:12:17,860 --> 01:12:14,660
be one or the other you really can do

1700
01:12:19,780 --> 01:12:17,870
both do you think if there is a

1701
01:12:22,030 --> 01:12:19,790
possibility in the future that we will

1702
01:12:24,280 --> 01:12:22,040
launch another gamma-ray Observatory or

1703
01:12:26,320 --> 01:12:24,290
ray Observatory after your Compton shut

1704
01:12:28,840 --> 01:12:26,330
down mm there's possible that might

1705
01:12:31,300 --> 01:12:28,850
happen again in the future

1706
01:12:32,890 --> 01:12:31,310
I believe the Fermi telescope is

1707
01:12:34,240 --> 01:12:32,900
actually also a gamma ray telescope so

1708
01:12:36,310 --> 01:12:34,250
there is a telescope currently operating

1709
01:12:38,560 --> 01:12:36,320
that's looking at gamma rays it's just

1710
01:12:40,120 --> 01:12:38,570
not one of the great observatories it's

1711
01:12:45,880 --> 01:12:40,130
just a pretty good observatory pretty

1712
01:12:48,690 --> 01:12:45,890
good now Fermi is wonderful okay but

1713
01:13:05,260 --> 01:12:48,700
it's just not in that I don't know

1714
01:13:07,000 --> 01:13:05,270
branding so you receive images that are

1715
01:13:08,590 --> 01:13:07,010
black and white you spend a lot of time

1716
01:13:10,180 --> 01:13:08,600
processing and working with the black

1717
01:13:12,100 --> 01:13:10,190
and white and all of a sudden you start

1718
01:13:13,900 --> 01:13:12,110
to add color to it so you spent hours

1719
01:13:17,860 --> 01:13:13,910
maybe in black and white before you see

1720
01:13:19,420 --> 01:13:17,870
the color sometimes yes I'm actually

1721
01:13:21,130 --> 01:13:19,430
working on an image of Jupiter that was

1722
01:13:23,680 --> 01:13:21,140
just taken a few weeks ago right now and

1723
01:13:24,220 --> 01:13:23,690
in that case yes I've been working on it

1724
01:13:26,860 --> 01:13:24,230
in black and white

1725
01:13:28,720 --> 01:13:26,870
the challenge with making an image of

1726
01:13:30,570 --> 01:13:28,730
Jupiter is that when Hubble takes the

1727
01:13:33,280 --> 01:13:30,580
three images to make a color image

1728
01:13:35,590 --> 01:13:33,290
Jupiter is moving so fast that it

1729
01:13:37,090 --> 01:13:35,600
changes while it's taking the data right

1730
01:13:38,860 --> 01:13:37,100
so to make a color image you have to

1731
01:13:41,170 --> 01:13:38,870
sort of account for this slight rotation

1732
01:13:44,020 --> 01:13:41,180
and the movement of Jupiter as it's

1733
01:13:45,460 --> 01:13:44,030
being photographed so that takes a lot

1734
01:13:46,540 --> 01:13:45,470
of work in black and white to get

1735
01:13:49,450 --> 01:13:46,550
everything lined up I mean I'm

1736
01:13:51,820 --> 01:13:49,460
essentially like warping clouds in

1737
01:13:54,760 --> 01:13:51,830
Jupiter and lining them up in black and

1738
01:13:56,830 --> 01:13:54,770
white and then applying color a question

1739
01:13:59,710 --> 01:13:56,840
from online what instrument do you play

1740
01:14:00,830 --> 01:13:59,720
and go ahead and plug your band if you'd

1741
01:14:03,470 --> 01:14:00,840
like

1742
01:14:03,980 --> 01:14:03,480
I play guitar my band is called riding

1743
01:14:16,220 --> 01:14:03,990
shotgun

1744
01:14:21,130 --> 01:14:16,230
plug are you related to the violist

1745
01:14:22,420 --> 01:14:21,140
Joseph de Pascua way no I get that a lot

1746
01:14:25,040 --> 01:14:22,430
[Applause]

1747
01:14:26,450 --> 01:14:25,050
my dad is also Joseph D Pasquale and we

1748
01:14:30,980 --> 01:14:26,460
used to get phone calls when I was a kid

1749
01:14:32,840 --> 01:14:30,990
asking for the violinist all right just

1750
01:14:34,970 --> 01:14:32,850
a couple more questions here alright

1751
01:14:39,290 --> 01:14:34,980
well I guess I have a second one here so

1752
01:14:42,890 --> 01:14:39,300
I'm wondering if you have seen images

1753
01:14:44,660 --> 01:14:42,900
that then make you go hey wait this

1754
01:14:46,460 --> 01:14:44,670
doesn't agree with you know our current

1755
01:14:48,230 --> 01:14:46,470
understanding of physics and you know

1756
01:14:49,640 --> 01:14:48,240
how do you guys go about do you have to

1757
01:14:51,170 --> 01:14:49,650
like contact someone else

1758
01:14:54,500 --> 01:14:51,180
and say hey what do you guys think about

1759
01:14:58,730 --> 01:14:54,510
this and kind of like have you run into

1760
01:15:01,220 --> 01:14:58,740
anything like that in I know all the

1761
01:15:03,050 --> 01:15:01,230
stuff you've seen yes so I have a good

1762
01:15:04,930 --> 01:15:03,060
example with that I don't know how great

1763
01:15:09,440 --> 01:15:04,940
I can explain it without my head but

1764
01:15:11,870 --> 01:15:09,450
when there was a gravitational wave

1765
01:15:14,180 --> 01:15:11,880
event in August 2017

1766
01:15:15,500 --> 01:15:14,190
I will took some data of the object it

1767
01:15:17,990 --> 01:15:15,510
was a it's called a Killa Nova just

1768
01:15:20,560 --> 01:15:18,000
enormous explosion and it was looking at

1769
01:15:23,450 --> 01:15:20,570
infrared and two different filters and

1770
01:15:26,450 --> 01:15:23,460
we were making color images of that

1771
01:15:29,930 --> 01:15:26,460
object spaced out by a few days at a

1772
01:15:32,030 --> 01:15:29,940
time and what I noticed was the first

1773
01:15:32,480 --> 01:15:32,040
image the object appeared to be sort of

1774
01:15:34,250 --> 01:15:32,490
yellowish

1775
01:15:35,480 --> 01:15:34,260
and the second one it turned blue which

1776
01:15:36,680 --> 01:15:35,490
was kind of surprising and then the

1777
01:15:38,780 --> 01:15:36,690
third one it was back to being yellow

1778
01:15:40,790 --> 01:15:38,790
but dimmer and it turned out that in

1779
01:15:43,190 --> 01:15:40,800
that middle observation there was a

1780
01:15:44,690 --> 01:15:43,200
slight gap in between when the two

1781
01:15:45,890 --> 01:15:44,700
different filters were taken and it was

1782
01:15:47,570 --> 01:15:45,900
just long enough that the object had

1783
01:15:49,130 --> 01:15:47,580
actually dimmed enough to allow the

1784
01:15:51,410 --> 01:15:49,140
shorter wavelengths to be brighter than

1785
01:15:54,440 --> 01:15:51,420
the longer wavelength and so the color

1786
01:15:56,780 --> 01:15:54,450
changed and that was a surprise and so

1787
01:15:58,430 --> 01:15:56,790
we usually are working with the we call

1788
01:15:59,810 --> 01:15:58,440
the principal investigator the scientist

1789
01:16:03,050 --> 01:15:59,820
who took the data when we make these

1790
01:16:05,030 --> 01:16:03,060
press release out images so we went back

1791
01:16:06,590 --> 01:16:05,040
and forth with the investigators and

1792
01:16:08,870 --> 01:16:06,600
determined that yeah there was this

1793
01:16:10,070 --> 01:16:08,880
issue where there was a separation that

1794
01:16:11,780 --> 01:16:10,080
shouldn't have been there but

1795
01:16:14,090 --> 01:16:11,790
unfortunately was that caused this

1796
01:16:14,720 --> 01:16:14,100
change in the color that's not intrinsic

1797
01:16:18,380 --> 01:16:14,730
to the object

1798
01:16:20,360 --> 01:16:18,390
it was just because of that break yeah

1799
01:16:21,620 --> 01:16:20,370
and so that was a case where you know

1800
01:16:22,790 --> 01:16:21,630
there was something surprising we talked

1801
01:16:24,020 --> 01:16:22,800
to the scientists about it we figured it

1802
01:16:24,980 --> 01:16:24,030
out and then we ended up just really

1803
01:16:26,660 --> 01:16:24,990
seeing it as a black-and-white because

1804
01:16:31,430 --> 01:16:26,670
the whole goal was to show that it was

1805
01:16:42,560 --> 01:16:31,440
dimming over time quickly I hope that

1806
01:16:44,900 --> 01:16:42,570
made sense okay one comment from online

1807
01:16:56,390 --> 01:16:44,910
says riding shotgun could use a good

1808
01:16:59,000 --> 01:16:56,400
tuba player I love the Internet yeah so

1809
01:17:00,710 --> 01:16:59,010
so we have all these telescope that we

1810
01:17:02,960 --> 01:17:00,720
can take a look at pretty deep and

1811
01:17:05,420 --> 01:17:02,970
faraway object in space what do you

1812
01:17:07,130 --> 01:17:05,430
think personally is the most important

1813
01:17:10,040 --> 01:17:07,140
takeaway work most important thing we

1814
01:17:11,930 --> 01:17:10,050
can learn from these from these images

1815
01:17:14,210 --> 01:17:11,940
because they're pretty far away and we

1816
01:17:16,360 --> 01:17:14,220
probably won't get to them that easily

1817
01:17:19,070 --> 01:17:16,370
so what do you think it's the most

1818
01:17:21,470 --> 01:17:19,080
valuable thing that we can study from it

1819
01:17:23,470 --> 01:17:21,480
well I think every time we look at

1820
01:17:25,370 --> 01:17:23,480
something where we're just trying to

1821
01:17:28,430 --> 01:17:25,380
deepen our understanding of the universe

1822
01:17:30,350 --> 01:17:28,440
in general I mean you're familiar with

1823
01:17:33,200 --> 01:17:30,360
this Carl Sagan quote that we are star

1824
01:17:34,790 --> 01:17:33,210
stuff we're made of the materials that

1825
01:17:36,410 --> 01:17:34,800
were generated forged in the hearts of

1826
01:17:40,070 --> 01:17:36,420
the stars that exploded billions of

1827
01:17:42,110 --> 01:17:40,080
years ago and also taking that a step

1828
01:17:44,030 --> 01:17:42,120
further we are the universe trying to

1829
01:17:46,160 --> 01:17:44,040
understand itself and I really love that

1830
01:17:47,810 --> 01:17:46,170
concept of the material of the universe

1831
01:17:49,640 --> 01:17:47,820
becoming conscious and tried to

1832
01:17:51,980 --> 01:17:49,650
understand itself and looking out and

1833
01:17:53,930 --> 01:17:51,990
peering into into space so it's sort of

1834
01:17:55,250 --> 01:17:53,940
a way of humanity trying to understand

1835
01:17:57,170 --> 01:17:55,260
itself the universe trying to understand

1836
01:17:58,250 --> 01:17:57,180
itself well sort of wrapped into one so

1837
01:18:01,490 --> 01:17:58,260
it's you know it's like the most

1838
01:18:02,900 --> 01:18:01,500
fundamental questions that we have we're

1839
01:18:11,390 --> 01:18:02,910
trying to find answers to when we look

1840
01:18:12,980 --> 01:18:11,400
in the space okay we got one two three

1841
01:18:14,960 --> 01:18:12,990
and then we're done okay cuz we're get

1842
01:18:16,430 --> 01:18:14,970
where you are going going I know we

1843
01:18:18,320 --> 01:18:16,440
could get these guys asking questions

1844
01:18:19,970 --> 01:18:18,330
forever but go ahead so what were your

1845
01:18:21,470 --> 01:18:19,980
thoughts on the black hole image that we

1846
01:18:23,180 --> 01:18:21,480
recently got earlier in the year I

1847
01:18:25,850 --> 01:18:23,190
thought that was incredible

1848
01:18:27,980 --> 01:18:25,860
that was an amazing image I wish that

1849
01:18:28,580 --> 01:18:27,990
there was a little more providing

1850
01:18:31,339 --> 01:18:28,590
context

1851
01:18:33,649 --> 01:18:31,349
of where in the universe this object

1852
01:18:35,089 --> 01:18:33,659
actually was and what it looks like in

1853
01:18:37,310 --> 01:18:35,099
other wavelengths because I work so much

1854
01:18:39,589 --> 01:18:37,320
in multi-wavelength I wanted to see that

1855
01:18:41,359 --> 01:18:39,599
that image of the doughnut in context

1856
01:18:42,800 --> 01:18:41,369
with everything else around it but

1857
01:18:44,120 --> 01:18:42,810
otherwise yeah I was just an incredible

1858
01:18:49,149 --> 01:18:44,130
achievement to be able to take that

1859
01:18:52,339 --> 01:18:49,159
image all right so I was just wondering

1860
01:18:55,700 --> 01:18:52,349
you said it had like terabytes of data

1861
01:18:58,970 --> 01:18:55,710
and stuff so I was wondering how long it

1862
01:19:03,020 --> 01:18:58,980
takes to transmit all that data from the

1863
01:19:07,129 --> 01:19:03,030
telescope to the computer that you're

1864
01:19:09,050 --> 01:19:07,139
using to process the images right so the

1865
01:19:12,439 --> 01:19:09,060
data actually on the telescope is stored

1866
01:19:14,240 --> 01:19:12,449
on there's hard basically hard drives on

1867
01:19:16,010 --> 01:19:14,250
the telescope and it's not terabytes of

1868
01:19:19,010 --> 01:19:16,020
data that are stored on the telescope

1869
01:19:20,899 --> 01:19:19,020
it's just over 29 years worth of

1870
01:19:23,510 --> 01:19:20,909
observations we now have terabytes of

1871
01:19:25,280 --> 01:19:23,520
data at any given time there's probably

1872
01:19:27,080 --> 01:19:25,290
megabytes to gigabytes of data on the

1873
01:19:29,390 --> 01:19:27,090
telescope itself that are transmitted

1874
01:19:31,939 --> 01:19:29,400
down through NASA's Deep Space Network a

1875
01:19:34,370 --> 01:19:31,949
series of satellite dishes and then they

1876
01:19:36,229 --> 01:19:34,380
make their way here to the multi mission

1877
01:19:38,419 --> 01:19:36,239
the Mikulski archive at Space Telescope

1878
01:19:40,280 --> 01:19:38,429
mast and that data is available to

1879
01:19:43,669 --> 01:19:40,290
anyone who wants to take a look at it

1880
01:19:46,790 --> 01:19:43,679
mass test es e IE d you I think that's

1881
01:19:49,760 --> 01:19:46,800
the URL it is however a very geek

1882
01:19:52,310 --> 01:19:49,770
friendly website it's not a user

1883
01:19:57,459 --> 01:19:52,320
friendly website for scientists by

1884
01:19:59,890 --> 01:19:57,469
scientists all right there was one hmm

1885
01:20:03,439 --> 01:19:59,900
yeah the context of the black hole I put

1886
01:20:06,109 --> 01:20:03,449
it's on our Hubble site YouTube channel

1887
01:20:08,870 --> 01:20:06,119
so on our Hubble Space Telescope YouTube

1888
01:20:11,990 --> 01:20:08,880
channel I made a video zooming in just

1889
01:20:13,149 --> 01:20:12,000
to what this series of stills actually I

1890
01:20:16,129 --> 01:20:13,159
showed it at the public lecture series

1891
01:20:18,320 --> 01:20:16,139
just to give context on that because we

1892
01:20:20,899 --> 01:20:18,330
here were unhappy that it didn't that

1893
01:20:24,649 --> 01:20:20,909
the press release that from the official

1894
01:20:26,750 --> 01:20:24,659
team did not have enough context yeah

1895
01:20:30,589 --> 01:20:26,760
last question so you stitch together

1896
01:20:32,390 --> 01:20:30,599
images in color so how because Hubble

1897
01:20:34,040 --> 01:20:32,400
takes images in black and white would

1898
01:20:36,620 --> 01:20:34,050
you say the color images that you stitch

1899
01:20:38,060 --> 01:20:36,630
together are more or less useful than

1900
01:20:42,600 --> 01:20:38,070
the black and white images that are

1901
01:20:44,910 --> 01:20:42,610
taken by Hubble that's a good question

1902
01:20:47,040 --> 01:20:44,920
so the scientists the black-and-white

1903
01:20:49,140 --> 01:20:47,050
the data the raw data is what they're

1904
01:20:51,180 --> 01:20:49,150
looking for it's the most useful for

1905
01:20:53,880 --> 01:20:51,190
them but there have been cases where

1906
01:20:55,380 --> 01:20:53,890
I've worked directly with scientists to

1907
01:20:57,530 --> 01:20:55,390
make an image that it's then used for

1908
01:21:00,120 --> 01:20:57,540
analysis or it becomes a part of a paper

1909
01:21:02,520 --> 01:21:00,130
so it goes both ways sometimes the color

1910
01:21:04,050 --> 01:21:02,530
image reveals details that are not

1911
01:21:06,060 --> 01:21:04,060
immediately obvious by looking at the

1912
01:21:08,760 --> 01:21:06,070
black and white data because you have

1913
01:21:12,360 --> 01:21:08,770
more than one image together you can

1914
01:21:14,940 --> 01:21:12,370
actually see more at one time so kind of

1915
01:21:17,240 --> 01:21:14,950
goes both ways all right I'm sorry I

1916
01:21:26,910 --> 01:21:17,250
don't have to cut it off there but